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Furthermore, HS-GC-IMS, electronic nose and tongue can be used as tools in the market to identify food fraud.

Flavonoid bioavailability and bioactivity is associated with interindividual variability, which is partially due to differences in health status. Previously, it was demonstrated that cellular stress, especially mitochondrial stress, increases intracellular quercetin uptake and this is associated with beneficial health effects. Here, the impact of quercetin on mitochondrial dysfunction, induced by stressors targeting different sites of the electron transport chain, is investigated. The influence of the mitochondrial stress on quercetin uptake and subcellular location is studied and the accumulated quercetin metabolites in intestinal Caco-2 cells and mitochondria are characterized.

It was observed that quercetin counteracted (i) the carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP)-induced decrease in maximum oxygen consumption, (ii) the valinomycin-, oligomycin- and FCCP-induced reactive oxygen species production and (iii) the valinomycin-induced disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Using confocal microscopy, it was found that upon mitochondrial stress, the intracellular quercetin accumulation increased and was partially located in the mitochondria. Finally, it was demonstrated that quercetin was present as O-methyl, O-methylglucuronide and O-methylsulfate conjugates in the cell lysate and mitochondria-enriched fraction.

This study shows that quercetin can partially restore, especially FCCP-induced, mitochondrial dysfunction and this protective effect was linked with an intracellular quercetin accumulation in the mitochondria of intestinal cells.

This study shows that quercetin can partially restore, especially FCCP-induced, mitochondrial dysfunction and this protective effect was linked with an intracellular quercetin accumulation in the mitochondria of intestinal cells.Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that has caused enormous harm to the public health worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the potential of phenolic compounds on diabetes management, addressing their mechanisms of action, in addition to discussing the digestion, absorption, metabolism, bioavailability, and toxic effects of these compounds. The intake of phenolic compounds can play a fundamental role on diabetes management, since they can reduce blood glucose levels, oxidative stress, protein glycation, inhibit the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase - IV and other key enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism, activate various biochemical pathways to improve pancreatic β-cell functions, increase insulin secretion, and improve insulin resistance. In this way, they can be considered a potential strategy in the development of pharmaceutical approaches that aim to reduce complications resulting from the progression of this metabolic pathology.Potassium is an essential nutrient that performs a vital role in cellular functions including maintaining fluid balance and osmolality of cells. Potassium balance is maintained by the kidney and the majority of ingested potassium is excreted in the urine. There is strong evidence of a negative association between dietary potassium and blood pressure, and some evidence (much of it indirect) of negative associations between dietary potassium and cardiovascular disease (particularly stroke and coronary heart disease) and kidney disease (chronic renal failure, and kidney stones). Blood pressure lowering is particularly associated with high potassium and low sodium diets. Important dietary sources of potassium include fruit and vegetables (including rice, potatoes, legumes and wholegrains), dairy products, and animal proteins. Worldwide, diets are low in potassium compared to dietary guidelines. Interventions focused on increasing dietary potassium will have major benefits including improvements in diet, reducing non-communicable disease and enhancing planetary health.Selenium (Se) is an element commonly found in the environment at different levels. Its compounds are found in soil, water, and air. This element is also present in raw materials of plant and animal origin, so it can be introduced into human organisms through food. Selenium is a cofactor of enzymes responsible for the antioxidant protection of the body and plays an important role in regulating inflammatory processes in the body. A deficiency in selenium is associated with a number of viral diseases, including COVID-19. This element, taken in excess, may have a toxic effect in the form of joint diseases and diseases of the blood system. Persistent selenium deficiency in the body may also impact infertility, and in such cases supplementation is needed.Iodine is an essential mineral nutrient and an integral component of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency is typically associated with goiter, but can have more serious health implications. Adequate iodine status is important for normal brain development. Iodine deficiency in utero or in early life can cause severe neurological and cognitive impairment. Over the last three decades, global efforts have reduced the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in many areas of the world with implementation of nutrition policies and programs such as "salt" iodization. However, in a number of areas iodine deficiency is still widespread. Iodine deficiency in remote regions with high poverty will be more difficult to eradicate. Efforts to eliminate IDD in affected areas and sustaining successful iodine programs will be a priority given the substantial public health and economic benefits. A key component will be periodic monitoring of population iodine status to ensure sufficient intakes and the absence of excessive intakes. Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC), a validated biomarker for assessing population iodine status, will facilitate monitoring. Research validating "usual" UIC for use in combination with the Estimated Average Requirement cut-point method will expand its utility and allow accurate determination of the prevalence of inadequate intakes in populations. Further research on the development of biomarkers for assessment of individual iodine status for routine patient care will be important.The essential trace mineral copper plays important roles in human physiology and pathophysiology. Disruption of copper homeostasis may underlie the development of ischemic heart disease, and connective tissue and neurodegenerative disorders. Copper also likely participates in the host response to bacterial infection and is further implicated more broadly in regulating immunity. Recent studies further associate copper with disruption of lipid homeostasis, as is frequently seen in, for example, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Moreover, continuing investigation of copper chaperones has revealed new roles for these intracellular copper-binding proteins. Despite these (and many other) significant advances, many questions related to copper biology remain unanswered. For example, what are the most sensitive and specific biomarkers of copper status, and which ones are useful in marginal (or "sub-clinical" copper deficiency)? Further research on this topic is required to inform future investigations of copper metabolism in humans (so the copper status of study participants can be fully appreciated). Also, are current recommendations for copper intake adequate? Recent studies suggest that overt copper deficiency is more common than once thought, and further, some have suggested that the copper RDAs for adults may be too low. Additional human balance and interventional studies are necessary and could provide the impetus for reconsidering the copper RDAs in the future. These and myriad other unresolved aspects of copper nutrition will undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.Phosphorus, an essential nutrient, performs vital functions in skeletal and non-skeletal tissues and is pivotal for energy production. The last two decades of research on the physiological importance of phosphorus have provided several novel insights about its dynamic nature as a nutrient performing functions as a phosphate ion. Phosphorous also acts as a signaling molecule and induces complex physiological responses. It is recognized that phosphorus homeostasis is critical for health. The intake of phosphorus by the general population world-wide is almost double the amount required to maintain health. This increase is attributed to the incorporation of phosphate containing food additives in processed foods purchased by consumers. Research findings assessed the impact of excessive phosphorus intake on cells' and organs' responses, and highlighted the potential pathogenic consequences. Research also identified a new class of bioactive phosphates composed of polymers of phosphate molecules varying in chain length. These polymers are involved in metabolic responses including hemostasis, brain and bone health, via complex mechanism(s) with positive or negative health effects, depending on their chain length. It is amazing, that phosphorus, a simple element, is capable of exerting multiple and powerful effects. The role of phosphorus and its polymers in the renal and cardiovascular system as well as on brain health appear to be important and promising future research directions.Since the discovery of manifest Zn deficiency in 1961, the increasing number of studies demonstrated the association between altered Zn status and multiple diseases. In this chapter, we provide a review of the most recent advances on the role of Zn in health and disease (2010-20), with a special focus on the role of Zn in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, diabetes and obesity, male and female reproduction, as well as COVID-19. In parallel with the revealed tight association between ASD risk and severity and Zn status, the particular mechanisms linking Zn2+ and ASD pathogenesis like modulation of synaptic plasticity through ProSAP/Shank scaffold, neurotransmitter metabolism, and gut microbiota, have been elucidated. The increasing body of data indicate the potential involvement of Zn2+ metabolism in neurodegeneration. Systemic Zn levels in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease were found to be reduced, whereas its sequestration in brain may result in modulation of amyloid β and α-synuclein processing with subsequent toxic effects. Zn2+ was shown to possess adipotropic effects through the role of zinc transporters, zinc finger proteins, and Zn-α2-glycoprotein in adipose tissue physiology, underlying its particular role in pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. Recent findings also contribute to further understanding of the role of Zn2+ in spermatogenesis and sperm functioning, as well as oocyte development and fertilization. Finally, Zn2+ was shown to be the potential adjuvant therapy in management of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), underlining the perspectives of zinc in management of old and new threats.Iron deficiency anemia affects approximately one-third of the world's population, and about half the cases are due to iron deficiency. The latest research on iron metabolism published in original articles and systematic reviews is described, and references to recent reviews provided. The topics include dietary sources and bioavailability, iron homeostasis, functions of iron in the body, and biomarkers of status. The consequences of iron deficiency and excess are discussed, with particular focus on vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, infants and the elderly. The newest dietary recommendations, including dietary reference values and food based dietary guidelines, are briefly summarized, followed by the latest developments in food fortification and iron supplementation.