Sejersenlorentzen2097

5 M NaCl demonstrated excellent water flux recovery compared to chemical cleaning. In the chemical cleaning, an optimal concentration of 3% hydrogen peroxide was determined for 100% flux recovery of the fouled membrane. However, slight membrane damage was achieved at this concentration on the active layer side. Alkaline cleaning at pH 11 was more effective than acid cleaning at pH 4, although both protocols compromised the membrane rejection rate for some toxic ions. A comparison of the membrane long-term performance found that cleaning with osmotic backwashing and hot water were effective methods to restore water flux without comprising the membrane rejection rate. Overall, it was found that physical cleaning protocols are superior to chemical cleaning protocols for forward osmosis membrane fouled by landfill leachate wastewater.Extra-Andean Patagonia, located in the south end of South America, is a wide arid region where the basaltic plateau landscape dominates. Associated with the basaltic plateaus, wet meadows and shallow lakes make up environments of relevance due to the ecosystemic services they provide. The aim of this work was to define the processes and factors that condition the hydrodynamics and hydrogeochemistry of wet meadows and shallow lakes in a sector of the Patagonian plateau basalts. For this, detailed geological and geomorphological studies were carried out and water was sampled at 29 points for the analysis of major ions and, in some samples, stable isotopes of the water molecule. Values of δ18O and δ2H similar to the local meteoric line in the water of wet meadows indicate that rainwater quickly infiltrates through the fractures of the basaltic plateaus and stores in the underlying sediments. Groundwater discharge occurs in the scarp zone due to changes in sediment permeability. The weathering of silicates in basalts, ion exchange in the sediment clays, and the dissolution of soluble salts provided by the dust control water chemistry of this wetland. Water from wet meadows drains into saline endorheic basins of sodium chloride composition where the isotopic signal is indicative of evaporation percentages close to 95%. The high evaporation rates cause the precipitation of evaporitic salts at the edges of shallow lakes with carbonate, sulfate, and chloride species controlled by the dominance of sodium in the water.Pharmaceuticals and other emerging contaminants (EC) have been increasingly detected and measured in coastal waters and large effort has been devoted to knowing the effects these substances have in coastal ecosystems. Anthozoa class is underrepresented in ecotoxicology studies despite some of their species being endangered. Anemonia sulcata and Actinia equina are species widely distributed in the Mediterranean Sea. The objectives of this work have been to evaluate the ability of these species to accumulate carbamazepine (CBZ) from water, to determine the effects of this pharmaceutical on some physiological and biochemical endpoints and to characterize the degradation routes followed by this compound in Anthozoa tissues (biotransformation) and water. Sea anemones were exposed to 1 μg L-1 and 100 μg L-1 of CBZ in artificial sea water in a semi-static system for 8 days. At several times small portions of the tentacles and whole organisms were taken. Ion transport (measured as NKATPase activity), energetic metabolism (measured as glucose and lactate levels) and nitrogen excretion (measured as ammonia concentration in tissues) were determined. CBZ-exposed individuals of A. sulcata and A. equina were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) on a quadrupole-time-of-flight (QqTOF). The structures of nine metabolites have been tentatively identified using HRMS and HRMS/MS data with the aid of the free available Medline database. The current work constitutes the first study on the identification of Cnidarian metabolites of CBZ in species of the Anthozoa class.Nowadays, the use of constructed wetlands for on-site greywater treatment is a very promising option. The successful application of this nature-based solution at full scale requires public acceptance, economic feasibility and the production of high-quality treated greywater. This work focuses on the use of ornamental plants as vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) vegetation for greywater treatment, aiming to improve aesthetic and acceptability of the system. The performance and economic feasibility of the proposed green technology were examined during a 2-years study. Results show that Pittosporum tobira and Hedera helix can grow in VFCW operating with greywater without any visible symptoms. These species tolerated both drought and flooding conditions, making them ideal for use not only in residential buildings but also in seasonal hotels and holiday homes. In contrast, partial defoliation of Polygala myrtifolia plants was observed during the winter period. High average removal efficiencies were observed for BOD (99%), COD (96%) and TSS (94%) in all examined VFCWs including unplanted beds. Phosphorus removal gradually decreased from 100% during first months of operation to 15% during second year of operation. In addition, total coliforms concentration reduced by 2.2 log units in the effluent of all planted systems, while lower removal efficiency was observed in the absence of plants. The mean concentration of BOD and TSS in the treated greywater met the standards for indoor reuse ( less then 10 mg/L). Cost payback periods for the installation of the proposed technology in a multi-family building, a single house and a hotel in Greece were found 4.7, 16.6 and 2.5 years, respectively. Overall, the "treatment gardens" proposed in this study provide a technically and economically feasible solution for greywater treatment, with the additional benefit of improving the aesthetic of urban, semi-urban and touristic areas.Intensive aquaculture significantly affects the global phosphorus (P) cycle and enhances eutrophication in inland waters. Sediment dredging efficiently removes P-rich sediments from shallow-water eutrophic lakes. However, studies on the effects of sediment dredging on the internal P loading of aquacultural lakes are still lacking. Moreover, the migration and transformation processes of labile P and the mechanisms of sediment P release are unclear. GSK-3 beta phosphorylation To evaluate dredging effectiveness, we employed two in situ high-resolution sampling techniques to simultaneously measure sediment labile P and porewater soluble reactive P (SRP) and Fe (II) at the millimeter scale. Dredging effectively reduced surface sediment CaP contents and organic matter (OM) below the sediment-water interface (SWI). Moreover, dredging decreased the SRP diffusion flux across the SWI in summer. After dredging, FeP (P bound to Fe, Al, and Mn oxides and hydroxides) and OP (organic P) contents increased by 136% and 48% in the newly formed deposited layer (140 mm thick), respectively.