Schofieldraymond5098

Peripheral serotonin regulates energy metabolism in several mammalian species, however, the potential contribution of serotonergic mechanisms as metabolic and endocrine regulators in growing dairy calves remain unexplored. Objectives were to characterize the role of serotonin in glucose and insulin metabolism in dairy calves with increased serotonin bioavailability. Milk replacer was supplemented with saline, 5-hydroxytryptophan (90 mg/d), or fluoxetine (40 mg/d) for 10-d (n = 8/treatment). Blood was collected daily during supplementation and on days 2, 7, and 14 during withdrawal. Calves were euthanized after 10-d supplementation or 14-d withdrawal periods to harvest liver and pancreas tissue. 5-hydroxytryptophan increased circulating insulin concentrations during the supplementation period, whereas both treatments increased circulating glucose concentration during the withdrawal period. The liver and pancreas of preweaned calves express serotonin factors (ie, TPH1, SERT, and cell surface receptors), indicating their ability to synthesize, uptake, and respond to serotonin. Supplementation of 5-hydroxytryptophan increased hepatic and pancreatic serotonin concentrations. After the withdrawal period, fluoxetine cleared from the pancreas but not liver tissue. Supplementation of 5-hydroxytryptophan upregulated hepatic mRNA expression of serotonin receptors (ie, 5-HTR1B, -1D, -2A, and -2B), and downregulated pancreatic 5-HTR1F mRNA and insulin-related proteins (ie, Akt and pAkt). Fluoxetine-supplemented calves had fewer pancreatic islets per microscopic field with reduced insulin intensity, whereas 5-hydroxytryptophan supplemented calves had increased islet number and area with greater insulin and serotonin and less glucagon intensities. After the 14-d withdrawal of 5-hydroxytryptophan, hepatic mRNA expression of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes were simultaneously downregulated. Improving serotonin bioavailability could serve as a potent regulator of endocrine and metabolic processes in dairy calves.Inadequate milk production by sows often limits the growth of piglets. A successful lactation requires prolactin (PRL)-induced differentiation of the alveolar epithelium within the mammary glands of sows between days 90-110 of gestation. We hypothesized that induction of late gestational hyperprolactinemia in primiparous sows by oral administration of the dopamine antagonist metoclopramide (MET) would enhance mammary epithelial differentiation, milk yield, and piglet growth rate and that these effects would carry over into a subsequent lactation. Twenty-six gilts were assigned to receive either MET (n = 13, 0.8 mg/kg) or vehicle (CON, n = 13) twice daily from days 90-110 of gestation. The same sows were followed into their second lactation without additional treatment. On day 90 of gestation, circulating PRL concentrations peaked 45 min after feeding MET (P less then 0.001) and then returned to baseline 3 h later. This response occurred daily out to day 104 of gestation (P less then 0.05). Compared with CThese findings demonstrate that MET-induced hyperprolactinemia in primiparous sows during late pregnancy can increase milk yield and piglet growth rate, setting the stage for further large-scale studies.Taurine is an abundant intracellular beta-amino acid majorly synthesized in the liver and transported through plasma. In mammals, taurine was reported to be involved in various physiological functions, including the enhancement of testosterone levels, the major estradiol precursor. Therefore, we hypothesize that taurine levels are associated with ovarian follicular steroids as well as with a reproductive problem called postpartum anestrus (PPA) in dairy buffaloes. To understand the taurine levels and its possible role in buffalo ovarian follicles, a correlation was established among taurine, estradiol, and testosterone levels in the ovarian follicular fluid. For this purpose, buffalo ovaries were obtained from the slaughterhouse, and follicular fluid samples were collected from small (8 mm) follicles. Taurine and steroid levels in the follicular fluid were analyzed by TLC and ELISA, respectively. Taurine and testosterone levels were significantly (P less then 0.05) higher in the follicular fluid of small and medium follicles than large follicles, whereas the estradiol levels were significantly (P less then 0.001) higher in the large follicles. Thus, taurine showed a positive correlation (r = 0.75) with testosterone and a negative correlation (r = -0.77) with estradiol in buffalo follicular fluid, indicating its possible role in testosterone function during follicular development. Interestingly, significantly (P less then 0.001) lower plasma taurine levels in PPA (n = 50) than normal cyclic (n = 50) buffaloes represented its association with PPA. Therefore, our present study recommends the need for future nutrition studies on taurine supplementation to PPA buffaloes.Wilms' tumor gene WT1 encodes a nuclear transcriptional factor, which has been shown to regulate granulosa cell steroidogenesis in bovine; however, it is not known whether the functions of theca cells are regulated by WT1. Here, we determined the effects of this gene on theca cell proliferation, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis in vitro. In cultured bovine theca cells, the downregulation of WT1 increased the secretion of progesterone but had no effect on proliferation and apoptosis. WT1 includes the variants WT1(+KTS) and WT1(-KTS), which differ by 3 amino acids KTS (lysine, threonine, and serine). WT1(±KTS) upregulation increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of STAR and CYP17A1 and decreased the progesterone secretion and CYP11A1 mRNA expression. In contrast to WT1(+KTS), WT1(-KTS) upregulation also decreased the mRNA expression of 3β-HSD. In both variants, WT1(-KTS) has more obvious effects. In conclusion, WT1 can decrease progesterone secretion, likely due in part to the inhibition of CYP11A1 and 3β-HSD.Omadacycline and eravacycline are newly approved tetracycline analogues with excellent activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms; however, no data are available regarding Helicobacter pylori. The susceptibility of 201 clinical isolates of H. pylori collected in China to omadacycline, eravacycline, and the comparator tetracycline was determined by an agar dilution method. They showed greater activity than tetracycline. The MIC50/90 values of omadacycline, eravacycline, and tetracycline were 0.125/0.25 μg/mL, 0.063/0.125 μg/mL, and 0.25/1 μg/mL, respectively. Omadacycline and eravacycline were potent in vitro against all the isolates tested, including tetracycline-resistant strains, and warrant further investigation as potential antibiotics for H. pylori treatment.Patient ventilatory dyssynchrony (PVD) is a mismatch between the respiratory drive of the patient and ventilatory assistance. It is a complex event seen in almost all ventilated patients and at any ventilator mode, with uncertain significance and prognosis. Due to its different pathophysiological mechanisms, there is still not consensual classification to guide us in selecting the best treatment. In the present review we aimed to summarize some clinical data on PVD, and to propose a clinical classification based on the type of PVD, from potentially innocuous to clearly harmful PVD, which could help clinicians in the decision-making process from adjusting ventilator settings to deeply sedate or paralyze the patient. Clearly, further studies are needed addressing risk factors, physiologic mechanisms and direct consequences of PVD in order to help clinicians to design effective and proven strategies at the bedside.

Purpose of the present study was to determine if routine biochemical markers of acute phase response are associated with unfavorable outcome in patients with good-grade aneurysmal SAH.

231 patients admitted with aneurysmal SAH and WFNS grade I - II were included in the present study. C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were measured within 24 h of admission. Outcome was assessed according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) after 6 months and stratified into favorable (mRS 0-2) vs. unfavorable (mRS 3-6).

The multivariate regression analysis revealed "elevated baseline CRP" (p = .001, OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6-6.6), "elevated baseline PCT" (p = .004, OR 26.0, 95% CI 2.9-235.5), "male gender" (p = .02, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.8), and "age ≥ 65 years" (p = .009, OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.8) as a model for the prediction of unfavorable outcome in patients with good-grade SAH.

An initial inflammatory response could be a possible explanation for poor outcome in good-grade SAH patients. These findings might help to identify a subgroup of good grade SAH patients who are at greater risk for unfavorable outcome early during treatment course/at baseline, and who could benefit most from potential anti-inflammatory therapy.

An initial inflammatory response could be a possible explanation for poor outcome in good-grade SAH patients. These findings might help to identify a subgroup of good grade SAH patients who are at greater risk for unfavorable outcome early during treatment course/at baseline, and who could benefit most from potential anti-inflammatory therapy.This study investigated whether resveratrol could improve meat quality, muscular antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and fiber type composition of intrauterine growth retarded pigs. Thirty-six pairs of male normal birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) piglets were orally fed with 80 mg resveratrol/kg body weight/d or vehicle during the sucking period (7-21 d). Then the offspring were fed with a basal diet containing 300 mg resveratrol/kg or a basal diet from weaning to slaughter (150 d). 2-Aminoethanethiol The IUGR-impaired meat quality (luminance and yellowness) was associated with muscular oxidative stress via increased Keap1 protein level, fat accumulation, and higher MyHC IIb gene expression. Expectedly, resveratrol increased glutathione peroxidase activity and MyHC I gene expression, reduced protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde contents, enhanced fatty acid oxidation via upregulated PPARα and targeted genes expression, and thereby improving drip loss and yellowness. Results indicate that resveratrol improved meat quality of IUGR pigs through enhancing antioxidant capacity, increasing oxidative fiber composition, and suppressing lipid accumulation.Our objective was to investigate possible differences in muscle fiber characteristics of beef longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks varying in tenderness (very tender vs. intermediate tender). Therefore, the relative abundance of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and activity/abundance of several glycolytic and oxidative enzymes were compared between the two steak groups. Greater (P less then 0.05) content of MHC type IIa (MHC-IIa) and activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) were observed in the very tender steaks. Conversely, intermediate tender steaks had greater (P less then 0.05) contents of MHC type I (MHC-I) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and greater citrate synthase (CS) activity. Increased tenderness in the very tender steaks was associated with greater (P less then 0.05) proteolysis as evaluated by desmin and troponin-T degradation. Further, mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) was lower (P less then 0.05) in the very tender steaks than steaks of intermediate tenderness.