Schaeferrutledge2217

Four types of membranes were sequentially tested in the cross-flow mode MF (200 nm pore size), UF (2,000 Da), NF (450 Da) and NF (200 Da). 5-day Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) tests were performed in order to examine the wastewater biodegradability. The test results with single-channel membranes showed that in terms of the highest COD rejection and the highest permeability, the best combination was that of MF and UF membranes. Here, UF membranes were sufficient to reach the limit values. As for the multi-channel membranes, the combination of MF and NF (450 Da) was the best and the final COD concentration ranged from 11 to 48 mg/L. 5-day BOD bottle tests showed a COD/BOD ratio of 3.8, which opened up possibilities for combined treatment.The main focus of this study is exploring the spatial distribution of polyaromatics hydrocarbon links between oil spills in the environment via Support Vector Machines based on Kernel-Radial Basis Function (RBF) approach for high precision classification of oil spill type from its sample fingerprinting in Peninsular Malaysia. The results show the highest concentrations of Σ Alkylated PAHs and Σ EPA PAHs in ΣTAH concentration in diesel from the oil samples PP3_liquid and GP6_Jetty achieving 100% classification output, corresponding to coherent decision boundary and projective subspace estimation. Selleck Alantolactone The high dimensional nature of this approach has led to the existence of a perfect separability of the oil type classification from four clustered oil type components; i.e diesel, bunker C, Mixture Oil (MO), lube oil and Waste Oil (WO) with the slack variables of ξ ≠ 0. Of the four clusters, only the SVs of two are correctly predicted, namely diesel and MO. The kernel-RBF approach provides efficient and reliable oil sample classification, enabling the oil classification to be optimally performed within a relatively short period of execution and a faster dataset classification where the slack variables ξ are non-zero.Hydraulic conductivity plays a vital role in the studies encompassing explorations on flow and porous media. The study investigates the compaction characteristics of a river sand (Beas, Sutlej, and Ghaggar rivers) and fly ash mix in different proportions and evaluates four empirical equations for estimating hydraulic conductivity. Experiments show that an increase in the fly ash content results in a decrease in the maximum dry density (MDD) and an increase in the corresponding optimum moisture content (OMC) of sand-fly ash samples. MDD at optimum fly ash content was achieved at low water content, which resulted in less dry unit weight than that of typical conventional fill. In Beas, Sutlej, and Ghaggar sands the optimum fly ash content up to which the hydraulic conductivity value reduced uniformly was found to be 30, 45, and 40%, respectively. Any further increase in the fly ash content results in a negligible decrease in hydraulic conductivity value. The observed hydraulic conductivity of sand-fly ash mix lies in the range of silts, which emboldens the use of sand-fly ash mix as embankment material. Further, the evaluation of empirical equations considered in the study substantiates the efficacy of the Terzaghi equation in estimating the hydraulic conductivity of river sand-fly ash mix.The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that accumulate during the coking wastewater treatment process are hazardous for the surrounding environment. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs account for more than 85% of the total PAHs in coking wastewater and sludge, respectively. The degradation of total PAHs increased by 18.97% due to the increased bioavailability of PAHs, after the biosurfactant-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa S5 was added. The toxicity of total PAHs to humans was reduced by 26.66% after inoculation with S5. The results suggest biosurfactant-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa S5 not only increase the biodegradation of PAHs significantly, but also have a better effect on reducing the human toxicity of PAHs. Kinetic analyses show that PAHs biodegradation fits to first-order kinetics. The degradation rate constant (k) value decreases as the number of PAH rings increases, indicating that HMW PAHs are more difficult to be biodegraded than low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs. The results indicate the bioaugmentation with the biosurfactant-producing strain has significant potential and utility in remediation of PAHs-polluted sites.Powered Activated Carbon - Membrane Bioreactors (PAC-MBRs) have been used with good results for slightly polluted water treatment. Our batch experiments showed that the transmembrane pressure of a PAC-MBR was 25% less than that of a MBR in one period of test, which indicated that PAC did help control the fouling in MBRs. Based on this observation, several mechanisms of membrane fouling of MBRs and PAC-MBRs were investigated to have some insight into how PAC brought a positive impact. The total resistances decreased by 60% and different resistances were redistributed after adding PAC. The dominant one changed from filtration resistance to cake resistance. These smaller cake resistances resulted from the PAC because, showing in the scanning electron microscopy pictures, it made the cake layer looser and rougher than that on a normal membrane. Meanwhile, the analysis of the membrane eluent showed that the addition of PAC changed the microbial species and its metabolites on the membrane and effectively reduced the adsorption of hydrophilic organic molecules on the membrane surface. Additionally, PAC prevented polypeptide compounds from being trapped inside the pores of membranes, so the cake on the PAC-MBR contaminated membrane surface was easier to scrape off. In the test of cleaning methods, alkaline cleaning removed the most organics from contaminated membranes to restore membrane performance.Three photocatalysts (CdS, ZnFe2O4, and NiFe2O4) were synthesized and their ability to photodegrade methylene blue (MB) was evaluated. MB was degraded by both spinel photocatalysts under visible light at room temperature, although their efficacy was less than that for CdS. The photocatalytic efficacies of NiFe2O4 were observed to be much greater than that for ZnFe2O4. All the synthesized nanoparticles absorbed visible light, while CdS had a larger absorption range within the visible light spectra and the most porous surface. Photo-deactivation was observed during the study, which could be due to the chemical adsorption of the degraded products on the catalyst surface. The factors that affected MB removal efficacy include the absorption range of photocatalysts, initial MB concentrations, amount of photocatalysts added, and photoreactor conditions. Life cycle analysis was used to compare the preparation methods of the photocatalysts in terms of energy consumption and environmental impact. The results showed that the hydrothermal method for NiFe2O4 preparation was less energy-intensive than the sol-gel method for CdS and ZnFe2O4 as the hydrothermal method is effective over a wider range of temperatures in aqueous media.