Russellkoenig7552

OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis adhesion and related surface properties of bulk-fill resin composite. METHODS Four novel bulk-fill composite with different composition were used; Sonic Fill-2 (KSF), Filtek BulkFill (FBF), Admira Fusion X-tra (AFX), Beautifil Bulk Restorative (SBB) and a control group (glass) were included in the study. After standardized surface polishing procedure, surface properties of composite specimens were evaluated using surface roughness (SR) measurements by a profilometer, hydrophobicity and surface free energy (SFE) analyses, elemental and topographic analyses by SEM-EDS. To evaluate the bacterial adhesion, composite specimens were immersed in artificial saliva and mucin for pellicle development. After 1-h immersion, bacterial suspension was added to the pellicle-coated specimens, which were incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 atmosphere for 24 h. Adhered bacteria counts were determined as x108 Cfu/ml. Bacterial adhesion was also investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found among bulk fill composites in terms of surface roughness while glass showed the lowest Ra values. The lowest contact angle values were found in the control group and Sonic Fill-2 while the highest SFE values were observed in these materials. No statistically significant differences were found between the S. mutans counts. For S. Mitis adhesion, the highest value was found in Sonic Fill-2 and no significant differences were observed between the other groups. CONCLUSIONS SR of bulk-fill composite resins had no effect on bacterial adhesion. However, bacterial adhesion increased with higher SFE values. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although the surface roughness of composites used in the study is similar, in clinically, S. mitis adhesion may be more in the KSF group because of high surface free energy. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small RNAs modulating gene expression and creating intricate regulatory networks that are dysregulated in many pathological states, including neurodegenerative disorders. In silico analyses denote a multifunctional kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) as a putative target of numerous miRs identified in neural tissue. GSK3 is engaged in almost all aspects of neuronal development and functioning. Moreover, there is an autoregulatory feedback between GSK3 and miRNAs as the kinase can influence biogenesis of miRs. Members of the miR-GSK3 axes might thus represent convenient therapeutic targets in neuropathologies that display its abnormal regulation. This review summarizes the present knowledge about direct interactions of GSK3 and miRs in brain, and their putative roles in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled GSK-3 and related kinases in cancer, neurological and other disorders edited by James McCubrey, Agnieszka Gizak and Dariusz Rakus. Whether social contact contributes to the underlying mechanisms of depression and the observed sex differences is unclear. In this study, we subjected young male and female mice to separation- and restraint-induced stress for 4 weeks and assessed behaviors, neurotransmitter levels, hormones, and inflammatory cytokines. Results showed that, compared with controls, male mice exposed to stress displayed significant decreases in body weight and sucrose preference after 1 week. In the fourth week, they exhibited a higher degree of anxiety (open field test) and depressive-like behavior (forced swim test). Moreover, the males showed significant decreases in monoamine neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine and dopamine in striatum, and an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β in serum. In contrast, females showed persistent loss of weight during stress and displayed significant decreases in sucrose preference after stress. Importantly, the females but not males showed activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with significantly higher levels adrenocorticotropic hormone. Additionally, mRNA level of c-fos and AVP showed there was significant interaction between stress and sex. Finally, we conclude that an imbalance of the HPA axis and inflammation might be important contributors to sex differences in separation/restraint-induced depressive behavior and that changes might be mediated by c-fos and AVP. BACKGROUND Biventricular endocardial pacing (BiV ENDO) is a therapy for heart failure patients who cannot receive transvenous epicardial CRT or have failed to adequately respond. Selleck Bemcentinib BiV ENDO CRT can be delivered by a new wireless LV ENDO pacing system (WiSE-CRT System, EBR Systems, Sunnyvale, California) without requiring lifelong anti-coagulation. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the safety & efficacy of the WiSE-CRT System during real world clinical use in an international registry. METHODS Registry of centers implanting the WiSE-CRT System as part of the WiCS-LV Post Market Surveillance Registry (Clinical trial study number NCT02610673) RESULTS 90 patients across 14 European centers underwent implantation with the WiSE-CRT System. Patients were predominantly male, aged 68.2 ± 10.5 yrs, LVEF 30.6% ± 8.9% with a mean QRS duration 180.7 ± 27.0 ms and ischemic etiology in 40.0%. Successful implantation and chronic delivery of BiV ENDO pacing was achieved in 94.4% of patients. Acute less then 24hrs, 1- 30 day & 1 to 6 month complications rates were (4.4%,18.8% and 6.7% respectively). There were five deaths (5.6%) within six months, three of which were procedure related. 70% patients experienced an improvement in their heart failure symptoms. CONCLUSION BiV ENDO pacing with the WiSE-CRT System appears technically feasible with a high success rate. Three procedural deaths were observed during the study. Procedural complications mandate adequate operator training and performance in centers with immediate cardiothoracic and vascular surgical support. Elucidating the multi-faceted relationship between cognitive competence and affective states is a major pursuit in behavioral sciences. Mood disorders constitute a good research model for this question, as cognitive impairment may accompany clinical depression and persist after full remission. This suggests cognitive dysfunction as an etiological factor of depression, rather than an epiphenomenon. Complementing clinical studies, animal models utilizing well-controlled, systematic paradigms are essential to elucidate the complex relationship between cognitive competence and affective states. In current set of experiments, we investigated the extent to which cognitive competence determines the stress response in Wistar rats by utilizing two well-established spatial memory paradigms with different degrees of complexity together with the forced swim test. We revealed that rats with low cognitive competence as assessed by learning performance in the Y-Maze, but not in the radial arm maze, were significantly more vulnerable to behavioral despair.