Rushdowns3959

Dissection was utilized at 13 of 22 (59%) universities. Incorporation of new technologies was highly variable, the most common being 3-dimensional software (59%) and eBook (55%). Adoption of any virtual reality technologies was low (36%). Seven universities used an established curriculum (29%), whereas most did not (61%). Academics indicated anxiety and motivation were key elements of student engagement.

Results demonstrate widespread heterogeneity in the way neuroanatomy is taught to medical students. A standardized curriculum may improve collaboration between universities and facilitate translation of future research in the area into practice.

Results demonstrate widespread heterogeneity in the way neuroanatomy is taught to medical students. A standardized curriculum may improve collaboration between universities and facilitate translation of future research in the area into practice.

Multifocal rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors (RGNTs) are challenging to manage. Gross total resection is often impossible, and data on adjunctive therapies are limited. We reviewed cases of multifocal RGNTs in the literature with special focus on dissemination patterns and management.

A literature review was conducted using PubMed and the key words "(multifocal OR multicentric OR satellite OR dissemination) AND glioneuronal."

There were 21 cases of multifocal RGNTs identified. Follow-up was available in 18 cases at a median of 17 months. Progression-free survival and overall survival at 1 year were 84% and 94%, respectively. Of all cases, 43% had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination, 48% had intraparenchymal spread, and 10% had both. The presence of CSF dissemination led to palliative care and/or death in 20% of cases (n= 2). None of the cases with intraparenchymal spread progressed. Radiotherapy was used in 50% of cases with CSF dissemination, chemotherapy was used in 20%, and CSF shunting was used in 36%. No tumors with intraparenchymal spread required adjunctive therapy or shunting.

RGNTs with CSF dissemination are more likely to behave aggressively, and early adjunctive therapies should be discussed with patients. Tumors with intraparenchymal spread grow slowly, and maximal safe resection followed by observation is likely sufficient in the short term. Long-term behavior of multifocal RGNTs is still unclear.

RGNTs with CSF dissemination are more likely to behave aggressively, and early adjunctive therapies should be discussed with patients. Tumors with intraparenchymal spread grow slowly, and maximal safe resection followed by observation is likely sufficient in the short term. Long-term behavior of multifocal RGNTs is still unclear.Both primary and metastatic brain tumors carry poor prognoses despite modern advances in medical therapy, radiation therapy, and surgical techniques. Gliomas, including glioblastoma (GBM), are particularly difficult to treat, and high-grade gliomas have very poor outcomes. Treatment of brain tumors involves a unique set of scientific and clinical challenges which are often not present in the treatment of systemic malignancies. With respect to scientific challenges, the anatomy and physiology of brain tumors-including the blood-brain barrier, blood-tumor barrier, and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier-prevent adequate drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS). The unique nature of the immune system in the CNS as well as the immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors such as GBM also create therapeutic roadblocks in the treatment of brain tumors. Tumor heterogeneity, particularly in GBM, has classically been thought to contribute to multitherapy resistance; however, recent data suggest that this may not be the case. Clinical challenges include brain tumor patients' neurologic and medical comorbidities, as well as potential toxicity of tumor-directed treatment. Ultimately, clinical trials investigating new treatment paradigms are needed, but several roadblocks exist to good and promising clinical trial availability.

The world currently faces the novel COVID-19 pandemic, with cutbacks in patient care. Little is known about the effects of a pandemic on the presentation and admission to an outpatient clinic. Our aim was to gain a better understanding of the effects of reduced neurosurgical care access from the patient perspective, especially in terms of anxiety and urgency of treatment, and to improve outpatient management in case of a potential second wave and potential restrictions on health care.

We performed a questionnaire study over a period of 4 weeks following the COVID-19 lockdown at our academic neurosurgical department. A 15-item questionnaire was distributed to the patients with 3 additional questions to be answered by the treating neurosurgeon.

A total of 437 questionnaires were analyzed. Overall anxiety to visit a general practitioner or the outpatient facility within the hospital was very low among patients. A quarter of all appointments had to be postponed due to COVID-19, in 0.6% postponement was perceived as incorrect by the treating neurosurgeon. We noted that 43% did not get an appointment due to the restrictions, 20% did not want to bother the medical system, and only 4% were afraid to get infected in the hospital.

Despite COVID-19, patients in need of neurosurgical service were hardly afraid to visit doctors and/or hospitals. Nonetheless, because legal requirements, access has been restricted, causing potential collateral damage in a small subset of neurosurgical patients.

Despite COVID-19, patients in need of neurosurgical service were hardly afraid to visit doctors and/or hospitals. see more Nonetheless, because legal requirements, access has been restricted, causing potential collateral damage in a small subset of neurosurgical patients.Drought is a main abiotic stress that restricts plant growth and development. The increased global demand of anti-cancer alkaloids extracted from periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is mainly related to plant growth and development, which are severely affected by drought. Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have been used to boost plant growth and defense mechanism, however their impact to alleviate drought stress of C. roseus has not been investigated yet. In this study, control and stressed plants (100 and 50% of field capacity [FC], respectively) were subjected to CSNPs application at 1%. Drought stress considerably reduced plant growth, relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance and total chlorophyll; however, CSNPs mitigated these effects. They enhanced proline accumulation and the activity of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) with possible mitigation of drought-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, they reduced H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and eventually preserved membrane integrity.