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of these antibodies is unknown. Numerous nanotechnological approaches have been widely practiced to improve the bioavailability of less aqueous soluble drugs; phospholipid based vesicles (liposomes) being the most widely applied drug delivery system. However; due to stability issues, large scale production limitations, sterilization and long term storage problems; non-ionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) are considered their excellent counterparts. Niosomes are vesicles of non-ionic surfactants having the ability to carrying both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in their inner aqueous or lipid bilayer compartments. In this research work, triazole based non-ionic surfactant (TBNIS) was synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and then screened for biocompatibility using NIH 3T3 cell line, blood hemolysis assay and acute toxicity in mice. The synthesized surfactant was then checked for niosomes' formation, Amphotericin B loading and entrapment efficiency, drug release, stability and bioavailability of the drug was assessed and compared with free drug solution. The synthesized surfactant was found biocompatible and caused less blood hemolysis, greater cell vial ability and negligible toxicity in animals. The size of drug loaded niosomal vesicles of TBNIS based surfactant was 179.9 ± 3.23 nm with smaller size distribution i.e. 0.29 ± 0.02. The triazole based surfactant vesicles showed 88.76 ± 3.45 % drug entrapment efficiency, sustained drug release profile and stability. The drug in TBNIS based vesicles has greater oral bioavailability 0.099 ± 0.03 as compared to plan drug solution 0.012 ± 0.023 μg/mL. Results of this study suggests that the newly synthesized triazole based surfactant can be used in drug delivery for improving bioavailability of less water soluble drugs like Amphotericin B. In insects, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) mediates developmental transitions and regulates molting processes through activation of a series of transcription factors. Broad-Complex (Br-C), a vital gene in the 20E signalling pathway, plays crucial roles during insect growth processes. However, whether Br-C affects chitin synthesis in insects remains unclear. In the present study, the Br-C gene from Lymantria dispar, a notorious defoliator of forestry, was identified based on transcriptome data, and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The regulatory functions of LdBr-C in chitin synthesis and metabolism in L. dispar larvae were analysed by RNA interference (RNAi). The full-length LdBr-C gene (1431 bp) encodes a 477 amino acid (aa) polypeptide containing a common BRcore region (391 aa) at the N-terminus and a C-terminal Zinc finger domain (56 aa) harbouring two characteristic C2H2 motifs (CXXC and HXXXXH). Phylogenetic analyses showed that LdBr-C shares highest homology and identity with Br-C isoform 7 (83.12%) of Helicoverpa armigera. Expression profiles indicate that LdBr-C was expressed throughout larval and pupal stages, and highly expressed in prepupal and pupal stages. Furthermore, LdBr-C expression was strongly induced by exogenous 20E, and suppressed dramatically after application of dsLdBr-C. Bioassay results showed that knockdown of LdBr-C caused larval developmental deformity, significant weight loss, and a mortality rate of 67.18%. Knockdown of LdBr-C significantly down-regulated transcription levels of eight critical genes (LdTre1, LdTre2, LdG6PI, LdUAP, LdCHS1, LdCHS2, LdTPS and LdCHT) related to chitin synthesis and metabolism, thereby lowering the chitin content in the midgut and epidermis. Our findings demonstrate that Br-C knockdown impairs larval development and chitin synthesis in L. dispar. The honey bee, which lives in the crowded environment of a social hive, is vulnerable to disease infection and spread. Despite efforts to develop various diagnostic methods, American foulbrood (AFB) caused by Paenibacillus larvae infection has caused enormous damage to the apicultural industry. Here, we investigated the volatile organic compounds derived from AFB. learn more After inoculation of the AFB pathogen in honey bee larvae under lab conditions, we identified propionic acid, valeric acid, and 2-nonanone as volatile disease markers (VDMs) of AFB infection using GC/MS. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that middle-aged bees, the hygienic-aged bees, are more sensitive to these VDMs than the foragers. Thus, these VDMs have the potential to be efficient and significant cues for worker detection of AFB infected larvae in bee hives. This study supports the idea that the specific olfactory sensitivity of different worker bees depends on their tasks. Taken together, our finding is crucial and sufficient to develop novel disease volatile markers associated with honey bee diseases to diagnose and study the molecular and neural correlates of given hygienic behavior detecting these volatile chemicals by honey bees. Previous studies have focused on the modulatory effects of face familiarity on different components of an event-related potential (ERP), but there is controversy in the literature regarding the precise component that reflects the process of identity recognition. This may be partly explained by limits to this waveform analysis approach, as waveforms elicited by the presentation of a face are likely to reflect a variety of different cognitive processes that overlap in time. Using fast periodic visual stimulation and EEG (FPVS-EEG), we directly measured the electrophysiological response reflecting identity-specific recognition after isolating it from responses attributable to low-level visual processing and face-selective processes that are not identity-specific. The observed response therefore provides a robust and objective measure of the recognition of a personally familiar face generated bilaterally in the occipito-temporal region. We tested the magnitude of this identity-specific response to three categories of familiarity the own-face (high familiarity), a friend's face (moderate familiarity), and a stranger's face (no familiarity). We found the largest response to the participant's own-face, followed by an intermediate response to a highly personally familiar face, and the smallest response to an unfamiliar face. An additional response was observed over the posterior cortical midline for familiar faces only, consistent with theories that familiar identity recognition also triggers post-perceptual semantic processing.