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The applicability of existing powder preparation methods for SEM to SEHI is also reviewed. An alternative preparation method is presented alongside first examples of SEHI characterization of powder surfaces. The commercial powder materials used as examples were carbon-fiber/polyamide composite powder feedstock (CarbonMide®) used in additive manufacturing and powders consisting of lithium nickel cobalt oxide (NMC). SEHI is shown to differentiate bonding present at carbonaceous material surfaces and extract information about the work function of metal oxide surfaces. The surface sensitivity of SEHI is indicated by comparison of pristine powders to those with surface material added in preparation. A minimum spatial localization of chemical information of 55 nm was achieved in differentiating regions of NMC surface chemistry by distinct SE spectra.

Black women have higher lung cancer incidence and mortality rates despite a lower smoking prevalence than White women. Physical activity may reduce lung cancer risk through several pathways, including the immune and inflammatory systems, as well as those with effects on sex hormones and metabolism.

We examined vigorous physical activity, walking for exercise, sitting watching television, and metabolic equivalents (METs) in relation to lung cancer risk among 38,432 participants in a prospective cohort of Black women. We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for covariates to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

In 1995-2017, 475 incident lung cancer cases accrued. Participants who engaged in ≥1h/week of vigorous physical activity or expended the highest tertile of METs experienced a decreased risk of lung cancer (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.65-1.10; 0.89, 0.68-1.18; respectively). An increased risk was observed for sitting watching television (≥1h/week 1.27, 0.72-2.21). In stratified models, an inverse association between walking for exercise and lung cancer risk was only present among former smokers (≥1h/week 0.71, 0.52-0.98), while inverse associations between vigorous physical activity (≥1h/week 0.45, 0.28-0.73) and METs (tertile 3 0.54, 0.34-0.85) and lung cancer risk were present among smokers with ≥20 pack-years.

Physical activity may play a role in reducing lung cancer risk among Black women, particularly among smokers. Future studies should explore biologic mechanisms whereby physical activity may influence carcinogenesis and investigate the role of exercise interventions in reducing lung cancer risk among smokers.

Physical activity may play a role in reducing lung cancer risk among Black women, particularly among smokers. Future studies should explore biologic mechanisms whereby physical activity may influence carcinogenesis and investigate the role of exercise interventions in reducing lung cancer risk among smokers.

The optimal timing for physical therapy (PT) delivery in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. Our objective was to determine whether spacing physical therapy visits over a longer period of time is beneficial for maintenance of physical function in PD.

A single center, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial of PD participants. Participants (n=30) were randomized to either burst (two PT sessions weekly for 6 weeks) or spaced (one PT session every 2 weeks for 6 months) PT. 11 participants in each arm completed the study and were analyzed. The primary outcome measure was the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test at baseline and 6 months. The burst group had an additional outcome measure timepoint at the completion of PT at 6 weeks.

Neither group achieved a minimal clinically significant benefit in the TUG score (3.5s) at 6 months. The spaced PT TUG scores were maintained when comparing baseline (7.8±1.5s) and 6 month timepoints (7.8±2.6s, p=0.594). The burst group TUG scores comparing baseline (9.8±3.8s) to 6 weeks (9.1±3.0s) also was maintained (p=0.365). The burst group worsened, however, when measuring the period from 6 weeks to 6 months (12.1±7.6s, p=0.034).

The spaced PT group had stability of the TUG mobility measure at 6 months, while the burst group had a significant worsening once PT was discontinued after 6 weeks. It is feasible to test these approaches in a future larger comparative effectiveness study.

The spaced PT group had stability of the TUG mobility measure at 6 months, while the burst group had a significant worsening once PT was discontinued after 6 weeks. It is feasible to test these approaches in a future larger comparative effectiveness study.Problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors, such as excessive weightlifting and muscle-building supplement and substance use (e.g., creatine, steroids), are common among young people, particularly boys and men. Theoretical models of eating disorders, and their constructs, are helpful in conceptualizing a number of risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors; however, these models lack a clear delineation of the factors that may specifically lead to the initiation and pursuit of these behaviors. This paper provides a brief overview of the theoretical models that have usefully framed research on problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors and the risk factors that been identified through this work. In addition, it identifies gaps related to understanding the factors leading to the initiation and continued or discontinued engagement in these behaviors, and it provides ideas for future research to help fill these gaps. Understanding the ways in which risk factors combine sequentially and interactively, to produce pathways to problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors is crucial for researchers to strengthen theoretical understandings of these behaviors, to inform intervention efforts, and guide policy and practice to decrease their rates among youth.

The national increase in opioid use and misuse has become a public health crisis in the U.S. To tackle this crisis, the systematic evaluation and monitoring of opioid prescribing patterns is necessary. Thus, opioid prescriptions from electronic health records (EHRs) must be standardized to morphine milligram equivalent (MME) to facilitate monitoring and surveillance. While most studies report MMEs to describe opioid prescribing patterns, there is a lack of transparency regarding their data pre-processing and conversion processes for replication or comparison purposes.

In this work, we developed Opioid2MME, a SQL-based open-source framework, to convert opioid prescriptions to MMEs using EHR prescription data. The MME conversions were validated internally using F-measures through manual chart review; were compared with two existing tools, as MedEx and MedXN; and the framework was tested in an external academic EHR system.

We identified 232,913 prescriptions for 49,060 unique patients in the EHRs, 2008-201n summary, this work sets the groundwork for the systematic evaluation and monitoring of opioid prescribing patterns across healthcare systems.

Identifying groups at high risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is important to reduce mortality due to CHD. Although machine learning methods have been introduced, many require laboratory or imaging parameters, which are not always readily available; thus, their wide applications are limited.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple, efficient, and joint machine learning model for identifying individuals at high risk of CHD using easily obtainable nonlaboratory parameters.

This prospective study used data from the Henan Rural Cohort Study, which was conducted in rural areas of Henan Province, China, between July 2015 and September 2017. A joint machine learning model was developed by selecting and combining four base machine learning algorithms, including logistic regression (LR), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting machine (GBM). We used readily accessible variables, including demographics, medical and family history, lifestyle and dietary factoation, the model performed well with clearly useful discrimination (AUC, 0.792 (95% CI 0.774-0.810)) and robust calibration (BS, 0.069).

In this study, the novel and simple, machine learning-based model comprising readily accessible variables accurately identified individuals at high risk of CHD. This model has the potential to be widely applied for large-scale screening of CHD populations, especially in medical resource-constrained settings.

The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register. (Trial registration ChiCTR-OOC-15006699. Registered 6 July 2015 - Retrospectively registered) http//www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375.

The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register. (Trial registration ChiCTR-OOC-15006699. Registered 6 July 2015 - Retrospectively registered) http//www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375.

The need to monitor patients outside of a formal clinical setting, such as a hospital or ambulatory care facility, has become increasingly important since COVID-19. Selleck TTK21 It introduces significant challenges to ensure accurate and timely measurements, maintain strong patient engagement, and operationalise data for clinical decision-making. Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) devices like the pulse oximeter help mitigate these difficulties, however, practical approaches to successfully integrate this technology into existing patient-clinician interactions that ensure the delivery of safe and effective care are vital. The objective of this scoping review was to synthesise existing literature to provide an overview of the variety of user perceptions associated with pulse oximeter devices, which may impact patients' and clinicians' acceptance of the devices in a RPM context.

A search over three databases was conducted between April 2021 - June 2021 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Ana both patients and clinicians hold positive perceptions of the pulse oximeter and important factors to consider in designing user-focused services include ease-of-use and wearability of devices; context of use including user's prior health and IT knowledge; attitude towards use and perceived effectiveness; impact on user motivation and self-efficacy; and finally, potential user costs like inconvenience or increased anxiety. With the rapid increase in research studies examining pulse oximeter use for RPM since COVID-19, a systematic review is warranted as the next step to consolidate evidence and investigate the impact of these factors on pulse oximeter acceptance and effectiveness.

Viral encephalitis is an important trigger for anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of anti-NMDAR encephalitis after Japanese encephalitis (JE) in children.

Clinical data of 185 children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a history of viral encephalitis other than JE or who were identified with other autoantibodies were excluded.

Twenty children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis after JE were enrolled with a median age of 6years and 10months (interquartile range [IQR] 3years to 11years and 5months). The median time from JE to anti-NMDAR encephalitis was 29 (IQR 25 to 32) days. At 12months, most patients (17 of 18) recovered to at least their baseline modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores caused by JE. One hundred forty two children with classical anti-NMDAR encephalitis were enrolled. Compared with classical anti-NMDAR encephalitis, patients after JE had significantly more decreased level of consciousness (50% vs18.