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This research showed that FP-encapsulated SLNs with desired characteristics can be produced by varying the production and content variables of the formulations.Adolescent girls in low-resource settings account for over 7.3 million births annually (generally unplanned). Unplanned teen pregnancies are increasing in low-resource settings. As part of a funded Round 20 Grand Challenges Exploration project (Healthy Minds for Adolescent Mothers), we investigated unplanned teen pregnancies in Haiti's Cité Soleil shantytown, teens' biopsychosocial challenges, and desirable interventions. Key stakeholders (N = 23) pregnant teens (13-17-year-olds, n = 8; 18-19-year-olds, n = 8) and health providers (18 or older, n = 7), participated by age group and role in focus groups (FGs). ATLAS.ti facilitated the analysis of transcribed FG audio recordings. Ninety-four percent (n = 15) of teens reported "Banm prèv," translated "Give me proof," as a cause of their unplanned pregnancies. Banm prèv describes when teens are propositioned by men who demand proof of their unpretentiousness or virginity. A subtle, covert, locally unchallenged phenomenon that is supported by damaging gender norms, Banm prèv constitutes an illusionary choice between teens' yielding non-consensual control of their bodies and the tacit alternative of gang rape. Banm prèv underscores teens' difficulty discerning consensual from coerced sex. Associated unplanned pregnancies occasion guilt, shame, stigma, depression, anxiety, and trauma in teens. Cité Soleil teens need contextually relevant, community-supported, age-appropriate interventions that challenge existing norms, build on cultural strengths, and include comprehensive sexuality education, including knowledge of reproductive rights. A traditional, contextually familiar, engaging, and humorous story-telling tradition, i.e., krik-krak, packaged in video format, is a useful framework for interventions to reduce depressive symptoms, stress, and anxiety for Cité Soleil teens experiencing unplanned pregnancies.Breast masses are uncommon in children and adolescents. Ectopic breast tissue is further uncommon and may be present in locations such as the face, back, and thigh. A 12-year-old female child presented with a hard, nonmobile lump in the right breast. PIM447 order On exploration by submammary incision, the lump was found to be below the pectoralis major muscle and had no communication with the overlying orthotopic breast tissue. Histopathological examination revealed a well-encapsulated biphasic lesion, with features characteristic of a phyllodes tumor. We report a hitherto unreported case of aberrant breast tissue lying under the pectoralis muscle and containing phyllodes tumor.We, herein, present an extremely rare case of an esophageal atresia (EA) with distal tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) with additional perforated membrane at the lower one-third of fistula. A neonate presented with difficulty in breathing and excessive frothing from the mouth. Radiograph with red rubber catheter in situ (obstruction at 10 cm from the gum margins) suggested EA with distal TEF. During thoracotomy, after ligation of fistula, a 6 Fr infant feeding tube was introduced into the distal esophagus which revealed obstruction at the lower one-third. An esophagotomy was performed; a membrane with opening at the center was identified. Following its excision, the esophageal end became dusky necessitating esophagostomy and feeding gastrostomy. A high index of suspicion for membranous obstruction at the lower one-third of fistula should be kept in mind while dealing with EA with distal TEF.Chylous ascites is the accumulation of triglyceride-rich lymph in the abdomen. Its occurrence during the infantile period is quite rare. Congenital chylous ascites (CCA) is one, which occurs in children less then 3 months of age, due to maldevelopment of the lymphatic system. There is no clearly defined treatment protocol for CCA; however, the use of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)-based diet or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with octreotide has been successful. Failure of conservative management, however, leads to surgical exploration to deal with those leaking lymphatics. In our case, we had initially given a trial of managing the child with MCT-based diet followed by a TPN along with octreotide. However, the failure of both leads us to operate the child during which we incorporated the use of fibrin glue over the leaking mesenteric lymphatic vesicles, which ultimately led to the resolution of the chylous ascites.Foreign body ingestion is a common accidental emergency in children. We report an unusual case of multiple blunt and sharp esophageal foreign bodies in a female infant probably associated with homicidal intent and its management.In the presence of an appendicular mass, surgery is generally limited to the drainage of abscess. Scientific literature is sparse and controversial as to how the ongoing sepsis despite the drainage of appendicular abscess should be managed. Deliberate appendicectomy in the presence of mass formation is often not recommended as it may cause collateral damage to the adherent bowel loops. The authors describe a useful technique of doing appendicectomy by stripping the mucosa alone, leaving behind the adherent muscular cuff undisturbed. This technique is given an acronym "mucosa-coring salvage (MU-CO-SAL) appendicectomy." This article is intended to draw the attention of pediatric surgeons to this useful technique, which remains underutilized despite being described almost a decade ago.Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder presenting as hamartomatous polyps in the small bowel, mucocutaneous pigmentation and with a predisposition to develop cancer. We report a case of PJS, with an adenomatous giant gastric polyp. The purpose is to highlight that adenomatous giant gastric polyp may be an extremely rare presentation of PJS. Awareness of this possibility will help us in not missing out these atypical cases of PJS.

The etiopathogenesis of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) has been inconclusive in spite of the numerous studies carried out to find the possible causative factor. The results of different studies have been conflicting and contradictory. It has been postulated that the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are the pacemaker cells located in the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and regulate the peristalsis in this region. Paucity of these cells may be one of the causative factors for congenital UPJO although there is no clear consensus on this issue. Therefore, the present study has been carried out to ascertain the role of ICC as one of the possible etiological factors for congenital UPJO. The aim of this study is to first identify the presence of ICC at UPJ, second to compare the average number of ICC in congenital UPJO with a control population without UPJO, and third to ascertain whether any correlation exists between the number of ICC and postoperative improvement in function of the affected icantly low at this site in cases of congenital UPJO when compared to controls without any obstruction. The number of ICC bears no correlation to the postoperative improvement in function.

The ICC are present at the UPJ and can be detected by immunohistochemistry due to their CD117 positivity. These cells are significantly low at this site in cases of congenital UPJO when compared to controls without any obstruction. The number of ICC bears no correlation to the postoperative improvement in function.

Animal-inflicted injuries continue to be a major health problem worldwide. In developing countries, the outcome of such injuries, especially in children may be poor.

The study aimed to evaluate the diversity of spectrum and management of animal-inflicted injuries in the pediatric age group.

This was a prospective study on animal-inflicted injuries in children between 1 to 15 years of age over a period of 12 months. Data on various parameters such as age and sex, animal species involved, provoked/unprovoked, mechanism of injury, time of injury, prehospital care, injury-arrival interval, pattern and type of injury, trauma score, body region injured, treatment given and complications were collected and analyzed.

Fifty-two children with animal-inflicted injuries were included, constituting <1% of all trauma cases seen during the study period (malefemale = 21). The mean age of the cohort was 9.65 years. Domestic animals were responsible in 41 children (78.84%) and wild animals in 11 children (21.16%). D Severe injuries require extensive resuscitation and expert surgical care. Mild injuries can be managed conservatively with the use of proper dressings, antibiotics, and analgesics.

Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) are the most common cause of congenital LUT obstruction in males. Biomarkers of glomerular or tubular injury may be of particular value in predicting the need for surgical intervention or in tracing progression of chronic kidney disease. Measurement of biomarker in urine is relatively easy.

To evaluate the changes in values of urinary Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1(TGF-B1) and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (MCP-1) before and after valve ablation and its prognostic value in Posterior urethral valve.

This prospective study was conducted from September 2016 to August 2018. The study group included 20 consecutive male babies with the diagnosis of PUV treated and followed up versus equal numbers of age matched control without any renal or urinary tract disease. Pre-operative urine samples were collected in Operative room. Cystoscopy and valve ablation was done. Follow up was done clinically by urinary stream and radiologically with VCUG. Follow-up was planned at 1 month, 3 mg/ml (79.9-386.4). There was no statistically significant change in TGF-B1 level at preoperative to 1 month and preop to 3 months after surgery but at 6 months after surgery the median TGF-B1 level significantly decreased as compared with preoperative TGF-B1 level.

TGF β1 and MCP1 can be considered as prognostic urinary biomarkers in patients of PUV and can be used to specify and counsel patient's attendant regarding possibility of ESRD and need for further intervention.

TGF β1 and MCP1 can be considered as prognostic urinary biomarkers in patients of PUV and can be used to specify and counsel patient's attendant regarding possibility of ESRD and need for further intervention.

Choledochal cyst is a fairly common hepatobiliary condition in pediatric surgical practice. For the most common type (type I), it is well established that the total excision of the cyst with an wide biliary-enteric anastomosis is key for long-term good result. Multiple options remain for biliary-enteric reconstruction after excision. Jejunal interposition loop reconstruction is thought to be the most physiologic.

We have retrospectively reviewed the data of patients of type I choledochal cysts which were operated between January 2010 and September 2018 and undergone jejunal interposition loop reconstruction. Clinical presentation, investigations, operative procedure morbidity and complications were reviewed.

There were 33 patients, with a male-to-female ratio of 13 and a mean age of 4.63 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD] = 4.63 ± 2.98 years). The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 81 months (mean ± SD = 36.30 ± 19.24 months). There was no stricture or cholangitis. Reoperation required in one due to leak at biliary-enteric anastomosis leading to biliary peritonitis.