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We included 4531 patients, of whom 1298 (29%) underwent open surgery. The median follow-up was 43months (interquartile range 23-71months). Open surgery was associated with an increased risk of long-term mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.45, p=0.001). Mixed-effects Cox regression with year of surgery as a random effect also showed an increased risk after open surgery (adjusted hazard ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval 1.11-1.52, p=0.004).

Open surgery seems to be associated with increased long-term mortality in the elective setting for CRC patients. A minimally invasive approach might improve long-term outcomes.

Open surgery seems to be associated with increased long-term mortality in the elective setting for CRC patients. A minimally invasive approach might improve long-term outcomes.

Reducing substance use harm in young people is a major public health priority, however, health promotion messages often struggle to achieve meaningful engagement. Neuroscience-based teachings may provide an innovative new way to engage young people in credible harm minimisation health promotion. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability and credibility of a series of neuroscience-based drug education animations and investigate neuroscience literacy in young people.

Three animations were developed around the impact of alcohol, MDMA and cannabis use on the growing brain, labelled the 'Respect Your Brain' video series. Sixty young people (mean age 21.9years; 48% female) viewed the animations and completed a 20-minute web-based, self-report survey to provide feedback on the animations and a 19-item neuroscience literacy survey, assessing knowledge and attitudes towards the brain.

The Alcohol, Cannabis and MDMA videos were rated as good or very good by the majority of participants (82%, 89% and 85%, respyoung people.During the "first wave" of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United Kingdom (March-June 2020), the city of Leicester was particularly hard hit, resulting in reimposed lockdown measures. Although initial polymerase chain reaction testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was attempted within the community, testing was soon abandoned due to an inability to keep up with demand by local laboratories. It is therefore feasible that undiagnosed transmission of COVID-19 in the community by asymptomatic individuals was a real possibility. Therefore, retrospective SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) testing of archived sera from out-patients visiting University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust service was performed to investigate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the community. A total of 1779 sera samples were tested from samples collected between 16th March and 3rd June 2020, of which 202 (11.35%) were SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive. Positivity was lowest in March (2.54%) at the beginning of the pandemic before peaking in April (17.16%) before a decline in May and June (11.16% and 12.68%, respectively). This retrospective screening offers some insight into the early patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission within a sampled community population during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic; supporting the argument for more community screening during high incidences of pandemics.Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers with a high global prevalence are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, there is a great need to develop efficient therapeutic approaches. Curcumin, a naturally occurring agent, is a promising compound with documented safety and anticancer activities. Recent studies have demonstrated the activity of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of different cancers. According to systematic studies on curcumin use in various diseases, it can be particularly effective in GI cancers because of its high bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, the clinical applications of curcumin are largely limited because of its low solubility and low chemical stability in water. These limitations may be addressed by the use of relevant analogues or novel delivery systems. Herein, we summarize the pharmacological effects of curcumin against GI cancers. Moreover, we highlight the application of curcumin's analogues and novel delivery systems in the treatment of GI cancers.

Ionoacoustics is one of the promising approaches to verify the beam range in proton therapy. However, the weakness of the wave signal remains a main hindrance to its application in clinics. Here we studied the potential use of a fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator (FFA), one of the accelerator candidates for future proton therapy. For such end, magnitude of the pressure wave and range accuracy achieved by the short-pulsed beam of FFA were assessed, using both simulation and experimental procedure.

A 100MeV proton beam from the FFA was applied on a water phantom, through the acrylic wall. Orlistat in vivo The beam range measured by the Bragg peak (BP)-ionization chamber (BPC) was 77.6mm, while the maximum dose at BP was estimated to be 0.35Gy/pulse. A hydrophone was placed 20mm downstream of the BP, and signals were amplified and stored by a digital oscilloscope, averaged, and low-pass filtered. Time-of-flight (TOF) and two relative TOF values were analyzed in order to determine the beam range. Furthermore, an aco TOF measurement, subsequent improvement in the measuring system is required.The objective of the study was to compare the fertility after using sex-sorted or conventional semen either with oestrus detection (EST) or timed artificial insemination (TAI) in Holstein heifers. Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Heifers in the EST group were inseminated with sex-sorted (n = 114) or conventional semen (n = 100) after spontaneous or induced oestrus. Heifers in the TAI, subjected to the 5-day Cosynch+Progesterone protocol (GnRH+P4 insertion-5d-PGF2α +P4 removal-1d-PGF2α -2d-GnRH+TAI), were inseminated with sex-sorted (n = 113) or conventional semen (n = 88). Statistical analyses were performed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Overall P/AI was 60.7% for EST and 54.2% for TAI regardless of types of semen and 68.1% for conventional and 48.9% for sex-sorted semen regardless of insemination strategies. Fertility of heifers inseminated with either sex-sorted (53.5%; 44.2%) or conventional (69.0%; 67.0%) semen did not differ between EST and TAI respectively. Besides, the interaction between the semen type and the insemination strategy was not significant for P/AI. The embryonic loss was significantly greater with sex-sorted semen (17.1%) compared to conventional semen (1.6%). There was no sire effect with sex-sorted semen on P/AI (52.6% vs. 46.2%) and embryonic loss (16.4% vs. 18.0%). As expected, sex-sorted semen resulted in more female calves (89.8% vs. 51.6%) than conventional semen. Thus, sex-sorted semen can be used with 5-day Cosynch+Progesterone protocol to eliminate the inadequate oestrus detection and to increase female calves born in dairy heifers.

Dose calculation of kilovoltage x rays used in Image-Guided Radiotherapy has been investigated in recent years using various methods. Among these methods are model-based ones that suffer from inaccuracies in high-density materials and at interfaces when used in the kilovoltage energy range. The main reason for this is the use of water energy deposition kernels and simplifications employed such as density scaling in heterogeneous media. The purpose of this study was to produce and characterize material-specific energy deposition kernels, which could be used for dose calculations in this energy range. These kernels will also have utility in dose calculations in superficial radiation therapy and orthovoltage beams utilized in small animal irradiators.

Water energy deposition kernels with various resolutions; and high-resolution, material-specific energy deposition kernels were generated in the energy range of 10-150kVp, using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo toolkit. The generated energy deposition kernels were furtheare fully developed.

Water and material-specific energy deposition kernels in the kilovoltage energy range have been generated, characterized, and compared to previous work. These kernels will have utility in dose calculations in this energy range once algorithms capable of employing them are fully developed.

To assess the efficacy of photobiomodulation in reducing post-operative symptoms and use of analgesics in teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis treated with foraminal enlargement in a single visit.

This prospective double-blind, controlled, superiority, randomized clinical trial enrolled 70 patients requiring root canal treatment of one single-rooted tooth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. The participants were randomized into one of the following two groups 35 patients in the control group (C.G) - root canal treatment with foraminal enlargement, without any additional treatment and 35 patients in the photobiomodulation group (PBM.G) - root canal treatment with foraminal enlargement associated with photobiomodulation (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and low-level laser therapy). The outcome variables were post-operative pain, tenderness, oedema and the use of analgesics. Pain intensity was measured using a visual analogue scale (recorded every day for 7days, then the 14th and 30th days aftwith foraminal enlargement, in single-rooted teeth treated in a single visit. Register of Clinical Trials NCT03704857. Research Ethics Committee no 2.353.996 / CAAE 74185417.9.0000.5626.

Photobiomodulation had no significant effect on post-operative pain, tenderness, oedema and the use of analgesics after root canal treatment with foraminal enlargement, in single-rooted teeth treated in a single visit. Register of Clinical Trials NCT03704857. Research Ethics Committee no 2.353.996 / CAAE 74185417.9.0000.5626.

The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen is estimated to be 6.7% in the South African population and in April 1995 the nation introduced universal hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination for newborns and infants. We studied the temporal association of this program with HBV prevalence in young blood donors and the contemporary HBV incidence and residual risk of transfusion-transmitted HBV infection (TT-HBV).

We used blood donation data from January 2011 to December 2019. Estimation of HBV prevalence donations made by first-time blood donors were analyzed by birth cohort and covariates. To estimate the incidence and residual risk of TT-HBV, mathematical models used data from both first time and repeat donors.

HBV prevalence in first-time donors decreased from 0.84% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78-0.90) in 2011 to 0.66% (95% CI 0.61-0.70) in 2019. The post-1995 birth cohort had a significantly lower HBV prevalence of 0.14% (95% CI 0.13-0.15) than the pre-1985 birth cohort of 1.29% (95% CI 1.25-1.33) and the odds of HBV infection were reduced in a multivariable model (odds ratio [OR]=0.28, 95% CI 0.24-0.34). The residual risk of TT-HBV occurring from window-period, occult, and possible vaccine breakthrough infections were estimated at 36.9, 5.8, and 2.2 per million red blood cell transfusions, respectively.

Donors born after the start of routine HBV immunization had significantly lower prevalence of HBV infection, supporting the effectiveness of the vaccination program. The contemporary residual risk of TT-HBV has decreased and should decline further as more vaccinated young people join the donor pool.

Donors born after the start of routine HBV immunization had significantly lower prevalence of HBV infection, supporting the effectiveness of the vaccination program. The contemporary residual risk of TT-HBV has decreased and should decline further as more vaccinated young people join the donor pool.