Rogershamrick1417

Riparian zones provide multiple benefits, including streambank stabilization and nutrient abatement. However, there is a knowledge gap on how the type of vegetation and environmental factors (e.g., soil temperature, moisture) within the riparian zone influence CO2 and CH4 emissions. Our objective was to quantify and compare CO2 and CH4 emissions from a herbaceous (grass) riparian zone (GRS), a rehabilitated riparian zone composed of deciduous trees, an undisturbed natural forested riparian zone with deciduous trees (UNF-D) or coniferous trees (UNF-C), and an agricultural field. Cumulative soil CO2 emission ranged from 23 to 105 g CO2 -C m-2 . Carbon dioxide emissions were greatest (p less then .05) in the GRS zone and lowest (p less then .05) in the UNF-C riparian zone. The best predictors for CO2 emissions were soil temperature and soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Cumulative CH4 emission ranged from -23 to 253 g CH4 -C m-2 . Methane emissions were greatest (p less then .05) in the UNF-D and lowest (p less then .05) in the GRS riparian zone. The best predictors for CH4 emissions were soil moisture, SOC, and photosynthetic photon flux density. The total CO2 -C equivalent (i.e., CH4 + CO2 ) was greatest (p less then .05) for the GRS and lowest (p less then .05) for the UNF-C riparian zone. The environmental factors controlling CO2 and CH4 emissions within the various riparian zones did not change; instead, changes were due to how vegetation within riparian zones influenced these controls.Hybridizing species provide a powerful system to identify the processes that shape genomic variation and maintain species boundaries. However, complex histories of isolation, gene flow, and selection often generate heterogeneous genomic landscapes of divergence that complicate reconstruction of the speciation history. Here, we explore patterns of divergence to reconstruct recent speciation in the erato clade of Heliconius butterflies. We focus on the genomic landscape of divergence across three contact zones of the species H. erato and H. Daurisoline mouse himera. We show that these hybridizing species have an intermediate level of divergence in the erato clade, which fits with their incomplete levels of reproductive isolation. Using demographic modeling and the relationship between admixture and divergence with recombination rate variation, we reconstruct histories of gene flow, selection, and demographic change that explain the observed patterns of genomic divergence. We find that periods of isolation and selection within populations, followed by secondary contact with asymmetrical gene flow are key factors in shaping the heterogeneous genomic landscapes. Collectively, these results highlight the effectiveness of demographic modeling and recombination rate estimates to disentangling the distinct contributions of gene flow and selection to patterns of genomic divergence.Brain size varies dramatically, both within and across species, and this variation is often believed to be the result of trade-offs between the cognitive benefits of having a large brain for a given body size and the energetic cost of sustaining neural tissue. One potential consequence of having a large brain is that organisms must also meet the associated high energetic demands. Thus, a key question is whether metabolic rate correlates with brain size. However, using metabolic rate to measure energetic demand yields a relatively instantaneous and dynamic measure of energy turnover, which is incompatible with the longer evolutionary timescale of changes in brain size within and across species. Morphological traits associated with oxygen consumption, specifically gill surface area, have been shown to be correlates of oxygen demand and energy use, and thus may serve as integrated correlates of these processes, allowing us to assess whether evolutionary changes in brain size correlate with changes in longer-term, our results provide clues as to how fishes may evolve and maintain large brains despite their high energetic cost, suggesting that C. limbatus individuals with a large gill surface area for their body mass may be able to support a higher energetic turnover, and, in turn, a larger brain for their body mass.Schwann cell (SC) grafts promote axon regeneration in the injured spinal cord, but transplant efficacy is diminished by a high death rate in the first 2-3 days postimplantation. Both hypoxic preconditioning and pharmacological induction of the cellular hypoxic response can drive cellular adaptations and improve transplant survival in a number of disease/injury models. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), a regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia, is implicated in preconditioning-associated protection. HIF-1α cellular levels are regulated by the HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (HIF-PHDs). Pharmacological inhibition of the HIF-PHDs mimics hypoxic preconditioning and provides a method to induce adaptive hypoxic responses without direct exposure to hypoxia. In this study, we show that hypoxia-mimetics, deferoxamine (DFO) and adaptaquin (AQ), enhance HIF-1α stability and HIF-1α target gene expression. Expression profiling of hypoxia-related genes demonstrates that HIF-dependent and HIF-independent expression changes occur. Analyses of transcription factor binding sites identify several candidate transcriptional co-regulators that vary in SCs along with HIF-1α. Using an in vitro model system, we show that hypoxia-mimetics are potent blockers of oxidative stress-induced death in SCs. In contrast, traditional hypoxic preconditioning was not protective. The robust protection induced by pharmacological preconditioning, particularly with DFO, indicates that pharmacological induction of hypoxic adaptations could be useful for promoting transplanted SC survival. These agents may also be more broadly useful for protecting SCs, as oxidative stress is a major pathway that drives cellular damage in the context of neurological injury and disease, including demyelinating diseases and peripheral neuropathies.

To date, no national-scale psychiatric epidemiological survey for children and adolescents has been conducted in China. In order to inform government officials and policymakers and to develop a comprehensive plan for service providers, there was a clear need to conduct an up-to-date systematic nationwide psychiatric epidemiological survey.

We conducted a two-stage large-scale psychiatric point prevalence survey. Multistage cluster stratified random sampling was used as the sampling strategy. Five provinces were selected by comprehensively considering geographical partition, economic development, and rural/urban factors. In Stage 1, the Child Behavior Checklist was used as the screening tool. In Stage 2, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents and a diagnostic process based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual were used to make the diagnoses. Sampling weights and poststratification weights were employed to match the population distributions. Exploratory analyses were ric disorder was found to decrease with the age in the male group, while the female group increased with the age. Individuals diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, a tic disorder, conduct disorder, and major depression disorder had the highest rates of comorbidity.

The prevalence of any psychiatric disorder we found is the highest ever reported in China. These results urgently need to be addressed by public mental health service providers and policymakers in order to provide access to the necessary treatments and to reduce the long-term negative impact of these conditions on families and the society as a whole.

The prevalence of any psychiatric disorder we found is the highest ever reported in China. These results urgently need to be addressed by public mental health service providers and policymakers in order to provide access to the necessary treatments and to reduce the long-term negative impact of these conditions on families and the society as a whole.

Refractory migraine (Ref-M) represents a conundrum that headache experts have to face with. We aim to investigate whether a peculiar profile may characterize patients with Ref-M according to 2020 European Headache Federation criteria. Furthermore, to substantiate a dysfunctional dopaminergic pathway involvement in these patients, we explored the effectiveness of olanzapine.

Eighty-four patients (fitting previous Ref-M criteria of the 2014) were treated with erenumab for six months. Differences between clinical and demographic features of responder (Ref-M according to 2014 criteria) and not-responder (Ref-M according to 2020 criteria) patients to CGRP-mAbs were investigated and their predictive values assessed. In fifteen patients with Ref-M not responders to CGRP-mAbs, olanzapine was administered (5mg/die) for 3months and frequency and pain intensity of migraine attacks were estimated.

Patients with Ref-M not responsive to CGRP-mAbs (29/84) when compared with Ref-M responsive to CGRP-mAbs showed higher ine attacks supports the hypothesis that migraine refractoriness may be subtended by a prominent involvement of the dopaminergic pathway.The adaptive value of facial expressions has been debated in evolutionary biology ever since Darwin's seminal work. Among mammals, primates, including humans, exhibit the most intricate facial displays. Although previous work has focused on the role of sociality in the evolution of primate facial expressions, this relationship has not been verified in a wide sample of species. Here, we examine the relationship between allomaternal care (paternal or alloparental) and the morphology of three orofacial brainstem nuclei (facial; trigeminal motor; hypoglossal) across primates to test the hypothesis that allomaternal care explains variation in the complexity of facial expressions, proxied by relative facial nucleus size and neuropil fraction. The latter represents the proportion of synaptically dense tissue and may, therefore, correlate with dexterity. We find that alloparental care frequency predicts relative neuropil fraction of the facial nucleus, even after controlling for social system organization, whereas allomaternal care is not associated with the trigeminal motor or hypoglossal nuclei. Overall, this work suggests that alloparenting requires increased facial dexterity to facilitate nonverbal communication between infants and their nonparent caregivers and/or between caregivers. Accordingly, alloparenting and complex facial expressions are likely to have coevolved in primates.

There is little direct evidence linking floral development and pollination biology in plants. We characterize both aspects in plain and ornamented flowers of Trimezieae (Iridaceae) to investigate how changes in floral ontogeny may affect their interactions with pollinators through time.

We examined floral ontogeny in 11 species and documented pollination biology in five species displaying a wide range of floral morphologies. We coded and reconstructed ancestral states of flower types over the tribal phylogeny to estimate the frequency of transition between different floral types.

All Trimezieae flowers are similar in early floral development, but ornamented flowers have additional ontogenetic steps compared with plain flowers, indicating heterochrony. Ornamented flowers have a hinge pollination mechanism (newly described here) and attract more pollinator guilds, while plain flowers offer less variety of resources for a shorter time. Although the ornamented condition is plesiomorphic in this clade, shifts to plain flowers have occurred frequently and abruptly during the past 5 million years, with some subsequent reversals.