Rodgershan3685

by creating fictitious identities consisting of a single trail. This failure occurred twice in one application, but otherwise at most once. We expect this failure can be eliminated through more stringent criteria for collecting photographs of footprints. We also briefly compare the use of footprint monitoring with other commonly used monitoring techniques. On this basis, landowners hosting rhinoceros can evaluate which method best suits their needs and resources.Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease in elderly dogs. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a dietary supplement containing calcium carbonate, calcium-lactate gluconate, chitosan and sodium bicarbonate in dogs with IRIS stage 3 of CKD. Twenty dogs were enrolled in the study, ten were administered the new dietary supplementation for 180 days (T group) while the others were used as control group (C group). Haematologic, biochemical and urinalysis were performed every 30 days. A significant reduction in the T group compared to the C group in serum phosphorus level and increase in serum bicarbonate and ionized calcium values were recorded. The urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) was significantly lower in the T group at the end of the study compared to the C group. The tested supplement could be considered as a supportive treatment for dogs with advanced CKD.Luffa is a kind of melon crop widely cultivated in temperate regions worldwide. Browning is one of the serious factors affecting the quality of Luffa. Therefore, the molecular mechanism of Luffa browning is of great significance to study. However, the molecular diversity of Luffa cultivars with different browning-resistant abilities has not been well elucidated. In our study, we used high-throughput sequencing to determine the transcriptome of two Luffa cylindrica cultivars '2D-2' and '35D-7'. A total of 115,099 unigenes were clustered, of which 22,607 were differentially expression genes (DEGs). Of these DEGs, 65 encoding polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, or ascorbate peroxidase were further analyzed. The quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) data indicated that the expression levels of the LcPPO gene (Accession No. Cluster-21832.13892) was significantly higher in '35D-7' compared with that in '2D-2'. Several POD genes (Accession No. Cluster-21832.19847, Cluster-21832.30619 and Cluster-48491.2) were also upregulated. Rutin molecular weight Analysis of the plantTFDB database indicated that some transcription factors such as WRKY gene family may also participate in the regulation of Luffa browning. The results indicated that the divergence of genes expression related to enzymatic reaction may lead to the different browning resistances of Luffa. Our study will provide a theoretical basis for breeding of browning-resistant Luffa.Understanding the correlation between shrimp growth and their intestinal bacteria would be necessary to optimize animal's growth performance. Here, we compared the bacterial profiles along with the shrimp's gene expression responses and metabolites in the intestines between the Top and the Bottom weight groups. Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were collected from the same population and rearing environments. The two weight groups, the Top-weight group with an average weight of 36.82 ± 0.41 g and the Bottom-weight group with an average weight of 17.80 ± 11.81 g, were selected. Intestines were aseptically collected and subjected to microbiota, transcriptomic and metabolomic profile analyses. The weighted-principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on UniFrac distances showed similar bacterial profiles between the two groups, suggesting similar relative composition of the overall bacterial community structures. This observed similarity was likely due to the fact that shrimp were from the same genetic backgroformance. A non-targeted metabolome analysis from shrimp intestines revealed different metabolic responsive patterns, in which the Top-weight shrimp contained significantly higher levels of short chain fatty acids, lipids and organic compounds than the Bottom-weight shrimp. The identified metabolites included those that were known to be produced by intestinal bacteria such as butyric acid, 4-indolecarbaldehyde and L-3-phenyllactic acid as well as those produced by shrimp such as acyl-carnitines and lysophosphatidylcholine. The functions of these metabolites were related to nutrient absorption and metabolisms. Our findings provide the first report utilizing multi-omics integration approach to investigate microbiota, metabolic and transcriptomics profiles of the host shrimp and their potential roles and relationship to shrimp growth performance.Animals are often difficult to distinguish at an individual level, and being able to identify individuals can be crucial in ecological or behavioral studies. In response to this challenge, biologists have developed a range of marking (tattoos, brands, toe-clips) and tagging (banding, collars, PIT, VIA, VIE) methods to identify individuals and cohorts. Animals with complex life cycles are notoriously hard to mark because of the distortion or loss of the tag across metamorphosis. In amphibians, few studies have attempted larval tagging and none have been conducted on a tropical species. Here, we present the first successful account of VIE tagging in early larval stages (Gosner stage 25) of the dyeing poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) coupled with a novel anesthetic (2-PHE) application for tadpoles that does not require buffering. Mean weight of individuals at time of tagging was 0.12 g, which is the smallest and developmentally youngest anuran larvae tagged to date. We report 81% tag detection over the first month of development, as well as the persistence of tags across metamorphosis in this species. Cumulative tag retention vs tag observation differed by approximately 15% across larval development demonstrating that "lost" tags can be found later in development. Tagging had no effect on tadpole growth rate or survival. Successful application of VIE tags on D. tinctorius tadpoles introduces a new method that can be applied to better understand early life development and dispersal in various tropical species.

causes serious gray mold disease in many plants. This pathogen has developed resistance to many fungicides. Thus, it has become necessary to look for new safe yet effective compounds against

.

Essential oils (EOs) from 17 plant species were assayed against

, of which

essential oil (OVEO) showed strong antifungal activity, and accordingly its main components were detected by GC/MS. Further study was conducted on the effects of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol in vitro on mycelium growth and spore germination, mycelium morphology, leakages of cytoplasmic contents, mitochondrial injury and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of

. The control efficacies of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol on tomato gray mold were evaluated in vivo.

Of all the 17 plant EOs tested,

,

var.

and

EOs had the best inhibitory effect on

, with 0.5 mg/mL completely inhibiting the mycelium growth of

. Twenty-one different compounds of OVEO were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the main che% and 28.04%, respectively), and the protective effect was significantly higher than that of 400 μg/mL pyrimethanil (43.15%). While the therapeutic and protective effects of 1,000 μg/mL OVEO and thymol were comparable to chemical control.

OVEO showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas its main components carvacrol and thymol have great application potential as natural fungicides or lead compounds for commercial fungicides in preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by

.

OVEO showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas its main components carvacrol and thymol have great application potential as natural fungicides or lead compounds for commercial fungicides in preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea.

The southern California biodiversity hotspot has had a complex geological history, with both plate tectonic forces and sea level changes repeatedly reconfiguring the region, and likely driving both lineage splittings and extinctions. Here we investigate patterns of genetic divergence in two species of slender salamanders (Plethodontidae

) in this region. The complex geological history in combination with several organismal traits led us to predict that these species harbor multiple ancient mitochondrial lineages endemic to southern California. These species belong to a clade characterized by fine-scale mitochondrial structure, which has been shown to track ancient splits. Both focal species,

and

, are relatively widely distributed in southern California, and estimated to have persisted there across millions of years. Recently several extralimital populations of

were found in the San Joaquin Valley of California, a former desert area that has been extensively modified for agriculture. The origins olso has multiple deeply differentiated clades within the region. Comparative analyses highlight the smaller spatial scales over which mitochondrial divergence accumulates in Batrachoseps relative to most other salamander species in southern California. The extralimital populations of Batrachoseps from the San Joaquin Valley are assigned to B. major and are shown to result from at least two independent introductions from different source populations. We also suggest that B. major on Catalina Island, where it is considered native, may be the result of an introduction. Some of the same traits that facilitate the build-up of deep phylogeographic structure in Batrachoseps likely also contribute to its propensity for introductions, and we anticipate that additional introduced populations will be discovered.Regulation of gene transcription is a complex process controlled by many factors, including the conformation of chromatin in the nucleus. Insights into chromatin conformation on both local and global scales can be provided by the Hi-C (high-throughput chromosomes conformation capture) method. One of the drawbacks of Hi-C analysis and interpretation is the presence of systematic biases, such as different accessibility to enzymes, amplification, and mappability of DNA regions, which all result in different visibility of the regions. Iterative correction (IC) is one of the most popular techniques developed for the elimination of these systematic biases. IC is based on the assumption that all chromatin regions have an equal number of observed contacts in Hi-C. In other words, the IC procedure is equalizing the experimental visibility approximated by the cumulative contact frequency (CCF) for all genomic regions. However, the differences in experimental visibility might be explained by biological factors such as chromatin openness, which is characteristic of distinct chromatin states. Here we show that CCF is positively correlated with active transcription. It is associated with compartment organization, since compartment A demonstrates higher CCF and gene expression levels than compartment B. Notably, this observation holds for a wide range of species, including human, mouse, and Drosophila. Moreover, we track the CCF state for syntenic blocks between human and mouse and conclude that active state assessed by CCF is an intrinsic property of the DNA region, which is independent of local genomic and epigenomic context. Our findings establish a missing link between Hi-C normalization procedures removing CCF from the data and poorly investigated and possibly relevant biological factors contributing to CCF.