Roblesotto6483

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Cytokine-related research provides an important direction for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Cytokines, produced by different types of cells and acting on a range of targets, play a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the main pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines related to atherosclerosis and their underlying mechanism. We also outline current anti-atherosclerosis treatments targeting cytokines. The research and treatment prospects of cytokines in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis are discussed briefly as well.Many studies have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a key regulatory role in the whole biological process of tumors. The purpose of this study was to explore the biological function and molecular mechanism of circ_0001666 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), so as to provide new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC. Gene expression profiles were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, GSE101586) and the differential genes were obtained by using GEO2R analysis. The quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression level of circ_0001666 in NSCLC cells. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit were respectively used to assess the cell proliferation and apoptosis, where circ_0001666 was knockdown in NSCLC cells. The targeted relationship among mircoRNA 330-5p (miR-330-5p), circ_0001666, and high mobility group A2 protein (HMGA2) was verified by bioinformatics prediction, dual-luciferase reporter gene, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull down assay. The results showed that the expression of circ_0001666 in NSCLC cells was significantly up-regulated than that in normal lung epithelial cells. Circ_0001666 knockdown reduced the cell viability and promoted the apoptosis of NSCLC cells, which could be reversed by miR-330-5p inhibitors. MiR-330-5p is the downstream target of circ_0001666 and can be adsorbed by circ_0001666. HMGA2 is a target gene of miR-330-5p, which can be indirectly regulated by circ_0001666. The results suggest that circ_0001666 promotes the proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of NSCLC cells via miR-330-5p/HMGA2 axis.S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9) is involved in a variety of biological processes such as inflammation and tumor cell migration and invasion regulation. The purpose of this study was to construct S100A9 gene-edited mice by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, thereby providing an animal model for exploring the biological functions of this gene. According to the S100A9 gene sequence, the single-stranded small guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting exons 2 and 3 was transcribed in vitro, and a mixture of Cas9 mRNA and candidate sgRNA was injected into mouse fertilized eggs by microinjection. Early embryos were obtained and transferred to surrogate mice, and F0 mice were obtained and identified by PCR identification and gene sequencing. see more F0 mice were further mated with wild-type C57BL/6 mice to obtain F1 heterozygous mice, and then homozygous offspring were obtained through F1 mice self-crossing. Real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to verify the expression and distribution of S100A9. In ordtudy of S100A9 gene function.Sleep exerts important functions in the regulation of cognition and emotion. Recent studies have found that sleep disorder is one of the important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the effects of chronic sleep deprivation on the cognitive functions of AD model mice and its possible mechanism are still unclear. In the present study, 8-month-old male APP/PS1/tau triple transgenic AD model (3xTg-AD) mice and wild type (WT) mice (n = 8 for each group) were subjected to chronic sleep deprivation by using the modified multiple platform method, with 20 h of sleep deprivation each day for 21 days. Then, open field test, elevated plus maze test, sugar water preference test, object recognition test, Y maze test and conditioned fear memory test were performed to evaluate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, and multiple cognitive functions. In addition, the immunohistochemistry technique was used to observe pathological characteristics in the hippocampus of mice. The results showed that (1) Chronic sleep deprivation did not affect anxiety- (P = 0.539) and depression-like behaviors (P = 0.874) in 3xTg-AD mice; (2) Chronic sleep deprivation exacerbated the impairments of object recognition memory (P less then 0.001), working memory (P = 0.002) and the conditioned fear memory (P = 0.039) in 3xTg-AD mice; (3) Chronic sleep deprivation increased amyloid β (Aβ) deposition (P less then 0.001) and microglial activation (P less then 0.001) in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice, without inducing abnormal tau phosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangles. These results indicate that chronic sleep deprivation exacerbates the impairments of recognition memory, working memory and conditioned fear memory in 3xTg-AD mice by aggravating Aβ deposition and the excessive activation of microglia in the hippocampus.Cardiac hypertrophy is a common pathological process of various cardiovascular diseases and eventually develops into heart failure. This paper was aimed to study the different pathological characteristics exhibited by different mouse strains after hypertrophy stimulation. Two mouse strains, A/J and FVB/nJ, were treated with isoproterenol (ISO) by osmotic pump to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Echocardiography was performed to monitor heart morphology and function. Mitochondria were isolated from hearts in each group, and oxidative phosphorylation function was assayed in vitro. The results showed that both strains showed a compensatory enhancement of heart contractile function after 1-week ISO treatment. The A/J mice, but not the FVB/nJ mice, developed significant cardiac hypertrophy after 3-week ISO treatment as evidenced by increases in left ventricular posterior wall thickness, heart weight/body weight ratio, cross sectional area of cardiomyocytes and cardiac hypertrophic markers. Interestingly, the heart from A/J mice contained higher mitochondrial DNA copy number compared with that from FVB/nJ mice. Functionally, the mitochondria from A/J mice displayed faster O2 consumption at state III with either complex I substrates or complex II substrate, compared with those from FVB/nJ mice. ISO treatment did not affect mitochondrial respiratory control rate (RCR), but significantly suppressed the ADP/O ratio generated from the complex II substrate in both strains. The ADP/O ratio generated from the complex I substrates in A/J mice declined by 50% after ISO treatment, whereas FVB/nJ mice were not affected. These results suggest that, compared with FVB/nJ mice, A/J mice possesses a poor integrity of mitochondrial respiratory chain that might contribute to its vulnerability to ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy.The pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ) is not yet clear, and the pathological changes of the brain activity remains debatable. There are still numerous unresolved issues and debates regarding the relationship between functional connection of the brain network and the symptoms of SCZ. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of recent research progresses on resting-state and task-based brain networks, which covers the symptoms of SCZ. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between large-scale brain networks and SCZ symptoms, and propose possible future research directions in the field of SCZ diagnosis and treatment.Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by attacks of moderate or severe headache and various neurological symptoms. Acupuncture, as a commonly used non-pharmacological therapy, has the advantage of obvious therapeutic effect and few side effects in the prevention and treatment of migraine. But the underlying mechanism of acupuncture on migraine remains unclear. Recently, advances in neuroimaging technology have helped to objectively assess the effect of acupuncture on treating migraine and offered new opportunities to explore the central mechanism of acupuncture on treating migraine. In order to better understand the current status of neuroimaging studies on the therapeutic mechanism of acupuncture on migraine and shed light on future research, this review aims to overview the neuroimaging studies in recent 10 years from two aspects (1) Central mechanism of acupuncture on treating acute migraine attack; (2) Central mechanism of acupuncture on preventing migraine attack.Chronic pain of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) greatly affects the quality of life and functional activities of patients. It is important to clarify the underlying mechanisms of KOA pain and the analgesic effect of different therapies. Neuroimaging technology has been widely used in the basic and clinical research of pain. In the recent years, neuroimaging technology has played an important role in the basic and clinical research of KOA pain. Increasing evidence demonstrates that chronic pain in KOA includes both nociceptive and neuropathic pain. The neuropathic mechanism involved in KOA pain is complex, which may be caused by peripheral or central sensitization. In this paper, we review the regional changes of brain pathophysiology caused by KOA pain based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetoencephalogram (MEG), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and other neuroimaging techniques. We also discuss the central analgesic mechanism of different KOA therapies, with a focus on the latest achievements in the evaluation and prediction of pain. We hope to provide new thoughts for the treatment of KOA pain, especially in the early and middle stages of KOA.As the two essential components, the white matter and gray matter compose the central nervous system of the brain. Widely known that axons of neurons mainly form the white matter, and these formed nerve fibers are responsible for transmitting information among various brain regions to achieve the coordinated operation of the entire brain. Early research on the white matter could only be done by dissecting living animals or human cadavers, until Basser et al. proposed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technology in 1994, which could detect the diffusion characteristics of water in the brain in vivo noninvasively. Accordingly, this technology could be applied to investigate the diffusion movement of water in white matter to obtain the information of direction and micro-anatomy of white matter fiber bundles. With the advancement on the display and analysis of the anatomical structure of white matter fiber bundles, the exploration of microscopic pathological changes, and the assistance of clinical diagnosis and neurophysiological research, DTI technology has become one of the most popular topics in brain science research. Chronic pain refers to pain lasting more than three months, which not only seriously affects the patient's physical and social functions, but also dramatically reduces the quality of life. It was reported that long-term pain stimulation might cause pathological remodeling of the central nervous system, and abnormalities in white matter were found in imaging examinations of patients with chronic pain. This review introduces the quantitative analysis methods of white matter fiber bundle microstructure based on DTI and its application in chronic pain, and further discusses the application value of DTI technology on clinical research of chronic pain.