Ritchiegleason3334

Natural silks, produced by spiders and silkworms, are excellent materials with marvelous mechanical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability, and widely used in the fields of textile, optics, electronics, biomedicine and environmental engineering. So far, there are many spinning methods to improve the mechanical properties of artificial fibers, such as wet spinning, dry spinning, and electrospinning. However, the performance of most artificial fibers is still inferior to natural silks. It is important to understand the correlations between hierarchical structures and performance in the field of artificial spinning. This review introduces the formation of natural silks, the relationship between the mechanical properties of silks and the hierarchical structure, the research progress in artificial spinning, and the application of silks.As an ancient and huge family of membrane proteins, ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter) plays an important physiological role in most organisms. Herein, we introduce the research progress in ABC transporters on the aspects of structural characteristic, transport mechanism and physiological functions. We also focus on the application of ABC transporters in the field of synthetic biology in recent years. #link# Finally, we propose future research needs.Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP). link2 Due to difficulties in studying the pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae for blockage on the establishment of gene operation platform and immature animal model, mycoplasmologists still make progress in understanding the interaction between M. hyopneumoniae and host. In this paper, we review the adhesion and damage of M. hyopneumoniae to host cells, the inflammatory response and immune response of host stimulated by M. hyopneumoniae. Meanwhile, we propose research directions of the pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae in the future. This review can provide references for the follow-up study on the interaction between M. hyopneumoniae and host, and provide theoretical basis for effective vaccine and drug development.Exosomes are a class of small extracellular vesicles. The lipid double-layer membrane envelops bioactive molecules including proteins and nucleic acids, which is transported throughout the body through the body fluid. Previous studies have indicated that exosomes play significant roles in viral infection. learn more need to complete the life cycle in the host cells and release nascent virions, which partially coincides with the production and secretion of exosomes. On one hand, viruses hijack exosomes, and load their components into exosomes to escape from the host immune response and promote the replication. On the other hand, the host seizes exosomes to deliver antiviral factors to resist viral infection. The purpose of this review is to provide new insights into relevant research by discussing the roles of exosomes in viral infection from the perspective of both viruses and hosts.In order to achieve better tumor treatment, researchers have designed dual and multiple responsive smart nanocarriers in the tumor microenvironment. Among them, the research based on acid-sensitive dual-responsive nanocarriers is the most extensive and common one. Intelligent nanocarriers have initially achieved long circulation in body, effective accumulation in tumor cells, and controlled drug release in tumor microenvironment, with increased anti-tumor effect of drug and reduced damage to normal tissues. However, there are still many problems to be solved in current research, such as high price, complicated nanocarriers structure, and unclear mechanisms of drug delivery in the body, all hampering nanocarriers from clinical applications. This article introduces the progress of nanocarriers in recent years from the dual responsive aspects including acid-temperature, acid-magnetism, acid-redox, acid-enzyme, acid-light and acid-ultrasound, to provide reference for further clinical application of nanomedicine.The incidence of heart failure (HF) increases significantly as people age. HF remains a major concern in public health. Although remarkable achievements have been made to treat heart failure in recent years, the survival rate of patients is still very low and the prognosis is poor. The mortality rate within 5 years after the diagnosis of heart failure is up to 50%. If we can quickly and effectively diagnose heart failure and reasonably stratify according to the risk, it will provide a solid foundation for clinicians to formulate treatment plans. Biomarkers play an important role in the diagnosis, curative effect evaluation and prognosis of heart failure. Heart failure is a complex disease in which various pathophysiological processes are involved over time. When heart failure occurs, neuroendocrine system is activated. With the increase of blood volume and ventricular wall pressure, ventricular myocytes secrete NT-proBNP/BNP. Therefore, NT-proBNP/BNP can be used as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure. However, NT-proBNP/BNP in plasma is easily affected by many factors such as age, sex, body type, left ventricular hypertrophy, tachycardia, right ventricular overload, hypoxemia, and kidney function. As a novel marker of heart failure, sST2 has attracted much attention in recent years. It can reflect the degree of myocardial fibrosis and predict whether ventricular remodeling will occur. It is worth noting that sST2 is not affected by age, gender and renal function and other factors. Also, with low reference change values and individuality index values, sST2 seems to be the best candidate for monitoring and guided therapy. In short, sST2 is one of the ideal indicators to evaluate heart failure. This review summarizes the research progress of sST2 in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure in recent years, and provides perspectives for its future development.Toll like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors and represent immune receptors in innate immunity. They are very conservative in evolution and extremely important for the survival of organisms. TLRs initiate signal transduction through binding of endogenous or exogenous ligands to activate a series of downstream important gene expression and activation. Studies have shown that regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance and preventing transplant rejection. Tregs express certain TLRs, including TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. Activation of TLRs may directly or indirectly affect (mainly activate) Treg proliferation and immunosuppressive functions, and this regulation is closely related to the occurrence of infection, autoimmune disease and cancer. The heat shock proteins as TLRs ligand molecules play important roles in the regulation of Treg. link3 Therefore, understanding regulatory mechanisms of TLR pathways on Tregs is of great significance for new drug development and targeted therapy. This review introduces how TLR-mediated pathways regulate Tregs' immune function.There are many records about the plant origin of Cortex Erythrinae in the past dynasties, but the descriptions were simple and there are many varieties used in different places, which leads to the confusion of Cortex Erythrinae commodities.It is necessary to make a thorough textual research on this herb to get the accurate origin and standardize the use of Cortex Erythrinae. In this paper, according to the plant morphological characteristics, producing areas, habitat, attached drawings of medicinal materials and efficacy, we have made a detailed research on Cortex Erythrinae recorded in the past dynasties. It is concluded that the authentic Cortex Erythrinae contained in the past dynasties should be the dry bark of Bombax malabaricum, which also named as Guanghaitongpi collected in the current local standards of Guangdong province and it is still in use today.The dry bark of Erythrina varlegata var. orientalis and E. arborescens recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 1977 should be "Citong" in ancient times. In this paper, based on the systematic and detailed summary of the origin changes, producing area changes and quality evaluation of Cortex Erythrinae, the basis for the correct use of Cortex Erythrinae and the further development and utilization of resources was provided."Shengdeng" is a traditional Tibetan medicine, which has many synonyms. It is complex in origin and serious in mi-xing. In order to clarify the origin of "Shengdeng" and its medicinal use, this paper makes a textual research on the name, variety and efficacy of "Shengdeng" by consulting Tibetan medicine classics such as The Four Medical Trantras and Jingzhu Materia Medica, combined with modern literature of Tibetan medicine. It is clear that the synonyms, primitive species, mainstream varieties and functions of Tibetan medicine "Shengdeng". The collation and analysis of the literature shows that "Shengdeng" has effects of treating rheumatism, drying "Huangshui", detumescence and relieving pain, and is mainly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in Tibetan medicine. Its original varieties include 14 species of plants belonging to 6 families Spicaceae, Rhamnaceae, Cephalotaxus, Leguminosae, Hematoxylaceae and Taxaceae. Combined with the collection of legal standards at all levels, the distribution of resources and the application of clinical prescriptions, it is considered that the mainstream species of "Shengdeng" are Rhamnella gilgitica, Xanthoceras sorbifolia, Rhamnus parvifolia. As a substitute, Acacia catechu is also widely used in clinic. The literature review and variety textual research on Tibetan medicine "Shengdeng" is helpful to improve the safety, effectiveness and quality controllability of its clinical application, and provide scientific basis for its further standard setting, pharmacodynamics research, new drug development and so on.In this study, the ancient doctors' concentrated prescriptions for arthralgia syndrome were collected and Lantern 3.2 software was used to construct and analyze the latent structure model of ancient arthralgia syndrome. A total of 10 syndrome types of ancient arthralgia syndrome were obtained, namely, cold-coagulation meridian syndrome(partial Yang deficiency), cold-dampness obstruction syndrome(cold weight), damp-heat obstruction syndrome, liver and kidney deficiency syndrome, essence deficiency syndrome, phlegm and blood stasis syndrome, spleen and stomach Qi deficiency syndrome, dampness evil accumulation syndrome, arthralgia meridian syndrome, cold-dampness binding lung syndrome, meridian obstruction syndrome, and wind-cold-dampness arthralgia syndrome(both wind-cold and dampness). This syndrome differentiation method further strengthened the thought on eight-class syndrome differentiation, and showed the characteristics of different syndrome differentiation types of the core drugs in the latent structuredrug use and compatibility law provide a new way for clinical syndrome differentiation and treatment, with certain reference value for the research and development of new Chinese patent medicines.