Riisemelchiorsen1152

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites that play important roles in plant defense and are suggested to act as storage compounds. Despite their important roles, metabolic dynamics of GSLs under various growth conditions remain poorly understood. To determine how light conditions influence the levels of different GSLs and their distribution in Arabidopsis leaves, we visualized the GSLs under different light conditions using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. We observed the unique distribution patterns of each GSL in the inner regions of leaves and marked decreases under darkness, indicating light conditions influenced GSL metabolism. GSLs are hydrolyzed by a group of ß-glucosidase (BGLU) called myrosinase. Previous transcriptome data for GSL metabolism under light and dark conditions have revealed the highly induced expression of BGLU30, one of the putative myrosinases, which is also annotated as Dark INducible2, under darkness. Impairment of the darkness-induced GSL decrease in the disruption mutants of BGLU30, bglu30, indicated that BGLU30 mediated GSL hydrolysis under darkness. Based on the GSL profiles in the wild-type and bglu30 leaves under both conditions, short-chain GSLs were potentially preferable substrates for BGLU30. Our findings provide an effective way of visualizing GSL distribution in plants and highlighted the carbon storage GSL function. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND To control the spread of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), China sealed Wuhan on Jan 23, 2020 and soon expanded lockdown to other twelve cities in Hubei province. We aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics in one of the cities and highlight the effect of current implemented lockdown and nonpharmaceutical interventions. METHODS We retrieved data of reported cases in Huangshi and Wuhan from publicly available disease databases. Local epidemiological data on suspected or confirmed cases in Huangshi were collected through field investigation. Epidemic curves were constructed with data on reported and observed cases. RESULTS The accumulated confirmed COVID-19 cases and fatality in Huangshi were reported to be 1015 and 3.74% respectively, compared with 50006 and 5.08% in Wuhan till Mar 27, 2020. Right after Jan 24, the epidemic curve based on observed cases in Huangshi became flattened. Feb 1, 2020 was identified as the "turning point" as the epidemic in Huangshi faded soon afterwards. COVID-19 epidemic was characterized by mild cases in Huangshi, accounting for 82.66% of total cases. Moreover, 50 asymptomatic infections were identified in adults and children. Besides, we found confirmed cases in 19 familial clusters and 21 health care workers, supporting inter-human transmission. CONCLUSIONS Our study reported the temporal dynamics and characteristics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Huangshi city, China, across the unprecedented intervention. Such new epidemiological inference might provide further guidance on current lockdown measures in high-risk cities and, subsequently, help improve public health intervention strategies against the pandemic on the country and global levels. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. compound library inhibitor All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Treatment and control of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is predicated on the use of two categories of antimicrobials, namely bacteriostatic drugs that inhibit bacterial growth and replication (STATIC), and bactericidal drugs that kill bacteria in in vitro culture systems (CIDAL). Recently, we reported that initial BRD treatment with a STATIC antimicrobial followed by retreatment with a CIDAL antimicrobial was associated with a higher frequency of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from field cases of BRD submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that calves administered the same class of antimicrobial for first and second BRD treatment (i.e., CIDAL-CIDAL or STATIC-STATIC) would have improved health and performance outcomes at the feedlot compared to calves that received a different antimicrobial class for retreatment (i.e., STATIC-CIDAL or CIDAL-STATIC). The association between antimicrobial treatments and health, performance, and carcass qualared to STATIC-CIDAL calves (28.09 ± 3.88%) (P = 0.037). There was no effect of antimicrobial treatment combination on BRD mortality (P = 0.855) or yield grade (P = 0.240) outcomes. These observations suggest that consideration should be given to antimicrobial pharmacodynamics when selecting drugs for retreatment of BRD. These findings have implications for developing BRD treatment protocols that address both post-treatment production and antimicrobial stewardship concerns. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Inverted duplicated DNA sequences are a common feature of structural variants (SVs) and copy number variants (CNVs). Analysis of CNVs containing inverted duplicated DNA sequences using nanopore sequencing identified recurrent aberrant behavior characterized by low confidence, incorrect and missed base calls. Inverted duplicate DNA sequences in both yeast and human samples were observed to have systematic elevation in the electrical current detected at the nanopore, increased translocation rates and decreased sampling rates. The coincidence of inverted duplicated DNA sequences with dramatically reduced sequencing accuracy and an increased translocation rate suggests that secondary DNA structures may interfere with the dynamics of transit of the DNA through the nanopore. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.BACKGROUND  Our understanding of the different effects of targeted versus non-targeted violence on subsequent EVD transmission in the current outbreak in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is limited. METHODS We used time-series data of case counts to compare individuals who lived in Ebola-affected health zones in DRC from April 2018 to August 2019. Exposure was number of violent events per health zone, categorized into "Ebola-targeted" or "Ebola-untargeted," and into "civilian-involvement," "militia/political," or "protests." The outcome was estimated daily reproduction number (Rt) by health zone. We fit a linear time-series regression to model the relationship. RESULTS The average Rt was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.11). A mean of 2.92 violent events resulted in a cumulative absolute increase in Rt of 0.10 (95%CI 0.05-0.15). More violent events increased EVD transmission (p=0.03). Considering violent events in the 95th percentile over a 21-day interval and its relative impact on Rt, Ebola-targeted events corresponded to Rt of 1.