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inly by the management of pro-inflammatory mediators (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), so reinforcing its use in popular medicine and corroborating the need for further chemical and pharmacological studies for the species.

Xianglian Pill (XLP), a traditional Chinese pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of gastrointestinal disease, possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and analgesic activities, may represent a promising candidate for the treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD).

This study aimed to unravel the underlying mechanism of XLP on the amelioration of AAD.

AAD was induced by intragastric administration of a mixture of cefuroxime and levofoxacin (300mg/kg. bw+200mg/kg. bw) for five consecutive days. Then AAD mice were treated with XLP at the dose of 500, 1000 and 2000mg/kg. bw, respectively for 5 days. The physical manifestations, diarrhea status were monitored during the drug delivery. Histopathology of colon, intestinal microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, tight junction protein and short chain fat acids (SCFAs) were determined.

Mice received cefuroxime and levofoxacin for 5 days developed medium to severe diarrhea. XLP treatment, however, mitigated the diarrhea status. #link# Further evaluation revealed that XLP promoted the recovery of mucosa, maintained the integrity of tight junction, attenuated the inflammatory disorders, restored intestinal microbiota and increased SCFAs level in feces.

XLP ameliorates AAD by restoring intestinal microbiota and attenuating mucosal damage.

XLP ameliorates AAD by restoring intestinal microbiota and attenuating mucosal damage.

The Carapa guianensis Aubl, popularly known as andiroba, is a large tree of the Meliaceae family, commonly found in the Amazon region. link2 The oil extracted from its seeds is recognized in traditional medicine and has high anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential, which are the basic prerequisites for a therapeutic agent that can be used in the treatment of oral mucositis (OM). Moreover, the aforementioned oil has antimicrobial, antiallergic, and parasiticidal actions and is effective in the management of cutaneous and muscular dysfunctions.

To evaluate the therapeutic effects of andiroba gel (Carapa guianensis Aubl) on the symptomatology and evolution of OM in children with leukemia who underwent chemotherapy and to compare it to the effects of low power laser.

This randomized, double-blind clinical trial involved 60 patients of both genders with leukemia, with age ranging from six to twelve years. The patients were divided into two study groups the andiroba group (n=30) and the laser group (n=30). The lein the andiroba group, compared to the laser group.

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, "Qi" is classified as energetic essence supporting the life activities in human. "Blood" is categorized as nourishing essence and circulating in the body. "Blood" and "Qi" have an intimate relationship. Astragali Radix (AR; root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. Var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao) has a broad spectrum of application for "Qi-Blood" enrichment. Astragaloside IV, a major saponin in AR, has therapeutic functions in erythropoietic, cardiovascular and immune systems. However, the efficacy of astragaloside IV in erythrophagocytosis has not been elucidated.

The possible functions of astragaloside IV in heme iron recycling during erythrophagocytosis in cultured macrophage were elucidated.

The translational and transcriptional expressions of heme recycling enzymes were determined after incubating of astragaloside IV for 24h in cultured macrophage.

In astragaloside IV-treated macrophage, the expressions, both RNA and protein levels, of regulators of heme recycling, e.g. heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), ferroportin (FPN), biliverdin reductase A and B (BVRA, BVRB), were markedly induced in dose-dependent manners. In parallel, the transcriptional activity of antioxidant response element, cloned within an expression vector as pARE-Luc and transfected in cultured macrophages, was markedly induced after a challenge with astragaloside IV in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the translocation of Nrf2, a transcriptional factor in regulating expression of heme recycling protein, was induced by astragaloside IV, leading to an enrichment at nucleus fraction.

Astragaloside IV shed lights in enhancing the expression of heme recycle proteins via Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

Astragaloside IV shed lights in enhancing the expression of heme recycle proteins via Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

Qiwei Putao powder (Uzhumu-7 in Mongolian) is a traditional Mongolian medicine, which has been widely used for alleviating cough and dyspnea, especially in aged individuals in both Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. However, the active ingredients and exact pharmacological mechanism remain unclear.

The protective effect of Qiwei Putao powder (QPP) on mice with cigarette smoke (CS)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was assessed by histopathological hematoxylin and eosin staining, lung coefficient determination and measurement of cytokine levels. The bioactive ingredients and potential targets of the QPP were screened and detected with network pharmacology method and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS). The mechanism and efficacy of active ingredients were further validated in COPD mice with immunohistochemistry tests, cytokine level measu on respiratory disease as well as cardiovascular diseases, nervous system diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and bacterial infections. Targets related to inflammation, immunity and oxidative stress (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, PTGS2; Nrf2; heat shock protein 90 alpha class A1, HSP90AA1; nitric oxide synthase, NOS2A; etc.) influenced COPD progression the most. We found that Nrf2 promotes a cell antioxidant response and is a key common target in the response to treatment with isoliquiritigenin (ISL), pterostilbene (PTE) and quercetin (QUE), the highly absorbed active ingredients in the formula. The data showed a strong synergistic protective role of these three molecules against the death of human type II alveolar adenocarcinoma (A549) cells through Nrf2 activation following H2O2 exposure and provide pharmacological mechanism of QPP in COPD treatment.

Daphne pseudomezereum var. koreana Hamaya is distributed in the Gangwon-do of South Korea and is traditionally used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.

We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of biflavonoid-rich fraction (BF) obtained from an extract of D. pseudomezereum leaves on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma.

Neochamaejasmin B (NB) and chamaejasmin D (CD) were spectroscopically characterized as major components of BF obtained from the leaves of D. pseudomezereum. RAW264.7cells pretreated with NB, CD and BF and activated by LPS (500ng/ml) were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of these materials in vitro. To evaluate the protective effect of BF on allergic asthma, female BALB/c mice were sensitized to OVA by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and treated with BF by oral administration (15 or 30mg/kg).

Pretreatment with BF inhibited LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO), T the prevention and treatment of allergic asthma.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS), a known 'Rasayana' (rejuvenating agent) as per Ayurveda is prescribed to promote health, to increase longevity and to hasten recovery in disease convalescent stages. Among its other uses, WS is specifically recommended in Ayurveda for central nervous system related disorders. WS has demonstrated protective effect on alcohol dependence and withdrawal anxiety in previous experimental studies.

To evaluate effect of WS on conditioned place behavioral paradigm (model of relapse) and on GABA and dopamine levels in critical brain areas.

Following Animal Ethics Committee permission, the mice (n = 24) were divided into the following study groups for experiment 1, 1 -distilled water, 2 -WS and 3 -Naltrexone. They were conditioned on conditioned place preference (CPP) using alcohol (2 gm/kg)/saline administered intraperitoneally for 8 days. WS and Naltrexone were administered during the period of extinction (6-8 days). Effect of WS on reinstating behaviour of rats (time spent inder.

Withania somnifera protected animals from relapse and showed beneficial effects on the neurotransmitters implicated in alcohol dependence. The study provides substantial evidence for its potential application in alcohol use disorder.The cellular membrane is central to the development of single-and multicellular life, as it separates the delicate cellular interior from the hostile environment. It exerts tight control over entry and exit of substances, is responsible for signaling with other cells in multicellular organisms and prevents pathogens from entering the cell. In the case of bacteria and viruses, the cellular membrane also hosts the proteins enabling invasion of the host organism. In a very real sense therefore, the cellular membrane is central to all life. The study of the cell membrane and membrane proteins in particular has therefore attracted significant attention. Due to the enormous variety of tasks performed by the membrane, it is a highly complex and challenging structure to study. Ideally, membrane components would be studied in isolation from this environment, but unlike water soluble proteins, the amphiphilic environment provided by the cellular membrane is key to the structure and function of the cell membrane. Therefore, model membranes have been developed to provide an environment in which a membrane protein can be studied. This review presents a set of tools that enable the comprehensive characterization of membrane proteins electrochemical tools, surface plasmon resonance, neutron scattering, the surface forces apparatus and atomic force microscopy are discussed, with a particular focus on experimental technique and data evaluation.The assembly of centromeric regions has become one of the most intractable tasks in whole-genome sequencing due to the enrichment of highly repetitive DNA sequences in most eukaryotic centromeres. Here, we describe a method used to identify centromeric DNAs through chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq). By mapping ChIP-seq reads, centromeric regions can be indicated in genome assemblies. buy SBI-477 demonstrated that the assembly quality of centromeres obtained using ChIP-seq mapping can reflect and indicate the quality of a whole-genome assembly. We discuss an expected 'high-quality' centromere assembly obtained via centromere ChIP-seq mapping.The genus Schizodon is part of a group of headstanders and relatives (Family Anostomidae) that are widespread and ecologically important fishes in South American rivers. Schizodon includes 15 nominal species but their taxonomy has been challenging due to paucity of decisive characters to diagnose species. We present new molecular data to assess species boundaries or molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), and to infer phylogenetic relationships among species. Evidence from two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes was used in these analyses. Mitochondrial DNA data for 112 specimens (from 11 nominal species) supported 13 consensus MOTUs, six of which matched valid nominal species (Schizodon borellii, S. fasciatus, S. intermedius, S. isognathus, S. knerii and S. scotorhabdotus). The nominal species Schizodon vittatus, S. nasutus, and S. dissimilis were subdivided into two MOTUs each, revealing either cryptic species or strong population structuring. In contrast, S. platae and S. jacuiensis constituted a single MOTU, indicating a possible case of synonymy.