Richbecker9009

This review presents the recent progress of oxygen functionalization reactions based on non-electrochemical (conventional organic synthesis) and electrochemical methods. Although both methods have their advantages and limitations, the former approach has been used to synthesize a broader range of organic substances as the latter is limited by several factors, such as poor selectivity and high energy cost. However, because electrochemical methods can replace harmful terminal oxidizers with external voltage, organic electrosynthesis has emerged as greener and more eco-friendly compared to conventional organic synthesis. The progress of electrochemical methods toward oxygen functionalization is presented by an in-depth discussion of different types of electrically driven-chemical organic synthesis, with particular attention to recently developed electrochemical systems and catalyst designs. We hope to direct the attention of readers to the latest breakthroughs of traditional oxygen functionalization reactions and to the potential of electrochemistry for the transformation of organic substrates to useful end products.Traditional Li ion batteries based on intercalation-type anodes have been approaching their theoretical limitations in energy density. Replacing the traditional anode with metallic Li has been regarded as the ultimate strategy to develop next-generation high-energy-density Li batteries. Unfortunately, the practical application of Li metal batteries has been hindered by Li dendrite growth, unstable Li/electrolyte interfaces, and Li pulverization during battery cycling. Interfacial modification can effectively solve these challenges and nitrided interfaces stand out among other functional layers because of their impressive effects on regulating Li+ flux distribution, facilitating Li+ diffusion through the solid-electrolyte interphase, and passivating the active surface of Li metal electrodes. Although various designs for nitrided interfaces have been put forward in the last few years, there is no paper that specialized in reviewing these advances and discussing prospects. In consideration of this, we make a systematic summary and give our comments based on our understanding. In addition, a comprehensive perspective on the future development of nitrided interfaces and rational Li/electrolyte interface design for Li metal electrodes is included.

Underlying muscle weakness and stiffness may increase the risk of developing rotator cuff tendinopathy. This systematic review aims to assess existing prospective studies to summarize whether muscle weakness and stiffness are risk factors for the development of rotator cuff tendinopathy in overhead athletes.

A systematic search was performed using PRISMA guidelines. Veliparib PARP inhibitor Prospective studies measuring muscle strength or stiffness and the incidence of rotator cuff tendinopathy were included. Quality assessment was performed with the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale.

The search yielded six studies, with a total of 523 trained overhead athletes followed up for one season. External rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) strength were described as protective factors against the development of rotator cuff tendinopathy. Athletes who did not sustain shoulder injuries had statistically stronger eccentric IR (

 < 0.01) and ER (

 < 0.05) strength in the pre-season assessment. Muscle stiffness indicatce in ER/IR strength, and supraspinatus weakness as risk factors for rotator cuff tendinopathy in overhead athletes. No existing studies investigated the general population on this topic. Future cohort studies may improve on existing evidence with investigations on the general public, a longer follow-up time, clearly documented injury history, and a stringent diagnosis to rotator cuff tendinopathy.

This study quantifies the value of survival gains attributable to novel treatments approved since 2003 for United States (US) patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM).

We estimated the increase in survival attributable to lenalidomide and bortezomib for multiple myeloma (MM) patients in the 1983-2013 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. To estimate the survival benefit of treatments approved since 2015 (carfilzomib, elotuzomab, daratumumab, used in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone) we used clinical trial data to calibrate survival estimated using the SEER data. We then conducted an economic valuation of the estimated shift in survival curves for all therapies. Finally, we estimated the share of the value accruing to patients and manufacturers using treatment costs estimated from MarketScan data.

The introduction of bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone (Vd) and lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone (Rd) resulted in substantial survirapies become available. Substantial extensions in life expectancy in RRMM since 2003 translate into real economic value gained by society.

SEER registry data were only available through 2013. Therefore, survival gains for recently approved treatments were estimated based on clinical trials, rather than observed survival. Our valuation analysis does not capture sources of value aside from survival gains, for example, better quality of life, increased productivity, or the value of surviving until subsequent novel therapies become available. Substantial extensions in life expectancy in RRMM since 2003 translate into real economic value gained by society.The notochord is the defining structure of all chordate embryos. It is a midline structure ventral to the ectoderm, neural plates, and neural arch. Remnants of the notochord ultimately give rise to the nucleus pulposus. The function of the notochord is to organize the surrounding structures. Chordoma is a rare malignant bone tumor arising from remnants of the notochord. These tumors are indolent and can present as incidental or locally advanced involving adjacent structures. These tumors typically present at the skull base and sacral spine but more rarely can be seen on the cervical and thoracic spine. Rare cases of chordoma invading the brachial plexus have been recorded. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for chordomas. We would like to discuss a novel presentation of a chordoma as a Pancoast tumor, and aim to highlight the clinical importance of accurate diagnosis and planning therapy along with poor prognosis of incomplete surgical resection.