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To investigate the seroconversion following first and second COVID-19 vaccination in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in relation to glycaemic control prior to vaccination and to analyse the response in comparison to individuals without diabetes.
This prospective, multicentre cohort study analysed people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and a glycated haemoglobin level ≤58 mmol/mol (7.5%) or >58 mmol/mol (7.5%), respectively, and healthy controls. Roche's Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay targeting the receptor-binding domain was used to quantify anti-spike protein antibodies 7 to 14 days after the first and 14 to 21 days after the second vaccination.
A total of 86 healthy controls were enrolled in the study, as well as 161 participants with diabetes, of whom 150 (75 with type 1 diabetes and 75 with type 2 diabetes) were eligible for the analysis. After the first vaccination, only 52.7% of participants in the type 1 diabetes group and 48.0% of those in the type 2 diabetes group showed antibody levels above the cut-off for positivity. Antibody levels after the second vaccination were similar in participants with type 1 diabetes, participants with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls after adjusting for age, sex and multiple testing (P> 0.05). Age (r= -0.45, P< 0.001) and glomerular filtration rate (r= 0.28, P= 0.001) were significantly associated with antibody response.
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S receptor-binding domain antibody levels after the second vaccination were comparable in healthy controls and in participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, irrespective of glycaemic control. Age and renal function correlated significantly with the extent of antibody levels.
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S receptor-binding domain antibody levels after the second vaccination were comparable in healthy controls and in participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, irrespective of glycaemic control. Age and renal function correlated significantly with the extent of antibody levels.Adenine base editors (ABEs), which are generally engineered adenosine deaminases and Cas variants, introduce site-specific A-to-G mutations for agronomic trait improvement. However, notably varying editing efficiencies, restrictive requirements for protospacer-adjacent motifs (PAMs) and a narrow editing window greatly limit their application. Here, we developed a robust high-efficiency ABE (PhieABE) toolbox for plants by fusing an evolved, highly active form of the adenosine deaminase TadA8e and a single-stranded DNA-binding domain (DBD), based on PAM-less/free Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) nickase variants that recognize the PAM NGN (for SpCas9n-NG and SpGn) or NNN (for SpRYn). By targeting 29 representative targets in rice and assessing the results, we demonstrate that PhieABEs have significantly improved base-editing activity, expanded target range and broader editing windows compared to the ABE7.10 and general ABE8e systems. Among these PhieABEs, hyper ABE8e-DBD-SpRYn (hyABE8e-SpRY) showed nearly 100% editing efficiency at some tested sites, with a high proportion of homozygous base substitutions in the editing windows and no single guide RNA (sgRNA)-dependent off-target changes. The original sgRNA was more compatible with PhieABEs than the evolved sgRNA. In conclusion, the DBD fusion effectively promotes base-editing efficiency, and this novel PhieABE toolbox should have wide applications in plant functional genomics and crop improvement.Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) over semiconductor photocatalysts is usually constrained by the limited light-harvesting and separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. buy Fluorofurimazine Most of the reported systems focusing on PHE are facilitated by consuming the photoinduced holes with organic sacrificial electron donors (SEDs). The introduction of the SEDs not only causes the environmental problem, but also increases the cost of the reaction. Herein, a dual-functional photocatalyst is developed with the morphology of sandwiched-like hollowed Pd@TiO2 @ZnIn2 S4 nanobox, which is synthesized by choosing microporous zeolites with sub-nanometer-sized Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) embedded as the sacrificial templates. The ternary Pd@TiO2 @ZnIn2 S4 photocatalyst exhibits a superior PHE rate (5.35 mmol g-1 h-1 ) and benzylamine oxidation conversion rate (>99%) simultaneously without adding any other SEDs. The PHE performance is superior to the reported composites of TiO2 and ZnIn2 S4 , which is attributed to the elevated light capture ability induced by the hollow structure, and the enhanced charge separation efficiency facilitated by the ultrasmall sized Pd NPs. The unique design presented here holds great potential for other highly efficient cooperative dual-functional photocatalytic reactions.In this work, a comparative study was made of different magnesium ion content incorporated into hydroxyapatite (HAP) and modified with selenite ions, with the aim to develop the degradation performance of methylene blue. Although the dopant metal (Mg2+ ) was present at a relatively low ratio, it induced a change in the microstructure, morphology, surface area, external surface charge, particle size, and degradation performance. The effect of magnesium and selenium binary doping on microstructure and degradation of methylene blue was evaluated. The external surface charge measured by zeta potential clarified that the highest negativity was -11.8 mV and this was accomplished in 1.0 Mg/Se-HAP. Furthermore, the roughness average increased from 36.8 nm, reaching 59.2 nm upon the addition of Mg(II). Moreover, transmission electron microscope micrographs showed that compositions were formed as rod shapes. The process of degradation was optimized, showing effectiveness in methylene blue degradation of 62.4% after 150 min of exposure to visible light. Electrostatic attraction and H-bonding, and coordination played vital roles in the adsorption process. The recyclability of the as-prepared compositions demonstrated that the effectiveness had been reduced to ~54.2% after five times of re-use.Humans and animals may be exposed to increasing contaminant lithium (Li) concentrations in the environment with the use and disposal of Li-containing products. Meanwhile, Li plays a key role in the treatment of human mental disorders, while the excessive accumulation of Li salts in the body can cause renal damage and nephrotic syndrome. In this study, the mechanism of renal inflammatory reaction induced by Li excessive intake was studied by establishing mice models in vitro and in vivo. The results of histopathology staining and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay showed that high Li condition (Lithium carbonate, 20 mg/kg/twice a day, i.e., for 30 consecutive days) caused inflammatory damage and apoptosis in kidney tissue cells. Western blot, qPCR, and immunohistochemical analysis were used to further study. In the vivo experiments, we found that Li reduced antioxidant enzyme capacity (glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase) and induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, excessive Li activated nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, resulting in activation of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β in the kidney of mice. In the vitro study, ROS as an upstream signal phosphorylated IκBα and NF-κB, up-regulated the NLRP3 inflammasome, increased caspase3, 6, 7, and 9 to exaggerate inflammation response, finally inducing pyroptosis in renal cells.Worldwide, the number of mobile phone users has increased from 5.57 billion in 2011 to 6.8 billion in 2019. However, short- and long-term impact of the electromagnetic radiation emitting from mobile phones on tissue homeostasis with particular to brain proteome composition needs further investigation. In this study, we attempted a global proteome profiling study of rat hippocampus exposed to mobile phone radiation for 20 weeks (for 3 h/day for 5 days/week) to identify deregulated proteins and western blot analysis for validation. As a result, we identified 358 hippocampus proteins, of which 16 showed deregulation (log2 (exposed/sham) ≥ ±1.0, p-value less then .05). Majority of these deregulated proteins grouped into three clusters sharing similar molecular pathways. A set of four proteins (Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Aldh5a1, Na+ K+ transporting ATPase Atp1b2, plasma membrane calcium transporting ATPase PMCA and protein S100B) presenting each functional pathway were selected for validation. Western blot analysis of these proteins, in an independent sample set, corroborated the mass spectrometry findings. Aldh5a1 involve in cellular energy metabolism, both Atp1b2 and PMCA responsible for membrane transport and protein S100B have a neuroprotective role. In conclusion, we present a deregulated hippocampus proteome upon mobile phone radiation exposure, which might influence the healthy functioning of the brain.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been developed to improve the efficiency of pesticide applications, and they are now widely utilized in Asia. The deposition and retention periods of pesticides on plant surfaces present serious challenges for modern precision agriculture, as these factors directly affect pesticide bioavailability, efficacy, and loss. Tank-mix adjuvants have been utilized to improve pesticide performance, but their effects on physicochemical properties and dosage delivery at low dilutions are not well understood.
We found that different tank-mix adjuvants affected droplet impact behavior, the wetting and spreading of spray dilutions, and pesticide deposition on rice leaves by changing the physicochemical properties of spray dilutions. The adjuvant methyl oxirane polymer with oxirane, mono (3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) ether (adjuvant c) significantly reduced the dynamic surface tension of the spray dilution and inhibited the rebound of large droplets (D
=2 ± 0.2 mm) and spray droplets (0.2MPa with a LU-01 nozzle) on rice leaves, and improved the wetting and spreading performance of the spray dilution on rice leaves. Field tests showed that adjuvant c could significantly increase the deposition of chlorantraniliprole on rice leaves.
Overall, the use of appropriate tank-mix adjuvants at low dilution ratios for UAV application in paddy fields can improve the performance of spray dilutions, increase the effective deposition and wetting spread of pesticides on rice leaves, further reduce the dosage of pesticide products and improve pesticide utilization. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Overall, the use of appropriate tank-mix adjuvants at low dilution ratios for UAV application in paddy fields can improve the performance of spray dilutions, increase the effective deposition and wetting spread of pesticides on rice leaves, further reduce the dosage of pesticide products and improve pesticide utilization. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
To investigate the effect of renal impairment on incretin metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) before and after treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin.
Long-standing T2DM patients with normal (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] >90 mL/min/1.73m
) and impaired (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m
) renal function on stable treatment with insulin were included. Before and after 8 days of treatment with 5mg linagliptin once daily, patients underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and total and intact glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucose, insulin, C-peptide and glucagon concentrations were measured. The primary outcome was the difference between the study groups in change of intact GLP-1 concentrations.
Of 115 patients screened, 29 were analysed (15 [51.7%] with and 14 [48.3%] without renal impairment). Renal function differed significantly between the groups (101 ± 11 vs. 47 ± 13 mL/min/1.73m
; P < 0.
