Richardsonbroch4867

Yet, compared to their equivalent public market exposures, private investments provide additional income, which allows insurers to charge lower rates on their products to policyholders. As the sophistication and complexity of investments keep growing, companies as well as regulators need to find a good balance between policyholder protection and market efficiency.What factors influence children's understanding of language, in both typical and atypical development? In this article, I summarize findings from the Longitudinal Study of Early Language (LSEL), which has been following the talk, understanding, and interactions of typically developing (TD) children and children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The LSEL has found group similarities in syntactic understanding and word learning strategies, but also within-group variability that correlates with other aspects of the children's behavior. In particular, early linguistic knowledge and social abilities are both shown to play independent roles in later talk and understanding. Thus, theoretical perspectives that highlight social vs. linguistic underpinnings to language development should be viewed as complementary rather than competing.Many people believe in equality of opportunity, but overlook and minimize the structural factors that shape social inequalities in the United States and around the world, such as systematic exclusion (e.g., educational, occupational) based on group membership (e.g., gender, race, socioeconomic status). As a result, social inequalities persist, and place marginalized social groups at elevated risk for negative emotional, learning, and health outcomes. Where do the beliefs and behaviors that underlie social inequalities originate? Recent evidence from developmental science indicates that an awareness of social inequalities begins in childhood, and that children seek to explain the underlying causes of the disparities that they observe and experience. Moreover, children and adolescents show early capacities for understanding and rectifying inequalities when regulating access to resources in peer contexts. Drawing on a social reasoning developmental framework, this paper synthesizes what is currently known about children's and adolescents' awareness, beliefs, and behavior concerning social inequalities, and highlights promising avenues by which developmental science can help reduce harmful assumptions and foster a more just society.Working memory is a central cognitive system that plays key role in development, with increases in working memory capacity and speed of processing as children move from infancy through adolescence. Here, I focus on two questions what neural processes underlie working memory and how do these processes change over development? Answers to these questions lie in computer simulations of artificial neural network models that shed light on how development happens. These models open up new avenues for optimizing clinical interventions aimed at boosting the working memory abilities of at-risk infants.Brief everyday stressors can provoke cardiovascular, hormonal, and immune changes, with considerable variation in the magnitude and duration of these responses. Acute responses to daily stressors can vary widely among individuals experiencing the same stressor, and these physiological responses may not align with stress appraisals. This review highlights individual and dyadic factors that may heighten and prolong stress reactivity, and their implications for health. We discuss depression, rumination, early life adversity, and social evaluation as individual level factors, and interpersonal stress processes and relationship quality as dyadic level factors that may influence physiological stress responses. Heightened and prolonged stress reactivity can provide a gateway to the physiological dysregulation that underlies depression and chronic disease, which themselves alter stress reactivity - a vicious cycle. Interventions that may dampen physiological stress reactivity include yoga, meditation, health behaviors (diet, exercise, and sleep), and cognitive behavioral therapy.Adolescents have a fundamental need to contribute to other people, social groups, and the larger society. Giving support and resources to others assists canonical developmental tasks such as autonomy and identity and is beneficial for psychological and physical health. As with the resources received by youth, inequalities according to well-known social gradients likely exist in the opportunity for adolescents to make meaningful contributions to their social world. Greater attention to inequalities in the opportunities for adolescents to give as well as receive could reveal underappreciated but significant ways in which the development of youth from marginalized groups may be comprised.Depression is a prevalent, distressing, often recurrent, disorder. Adolescence represents a vulnerable developmental period when rates of depression surge and many experience their first episode. Some professional agencies now recommend universal screening starting at age 12. This paper advocates for a risk-based approach to screening for adolescent depression that can improve upon current approaches to screening and facilitate more seamless connections to enable personalizing prevention of depression based on risk group classification. Empirical examples are reviewed for screening based on established risk factors that predict later depression. Evidence is provided that risk groups can reliably and validly classify adolescents at risk for future development of depression based on cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities. These risk groups inform one approach to personalizing prevention of depression by matching youths' risk to established, evidence-based prevention programs (cognitive or interpersonal). Promising data from a randomized trial suggest that this personalized depression prevention strategy can reduce depression better than a "one size fits all" approach.Spousal bereavement is associated with an elevated risk of morbidity and mortality. Several well-regarded multidisciplinary research teams have sought to understand the biopsychosocial processes underlying why widow(er)s are at elevated physical health risk. In this paper, we review research from multiple investigatory teams, including our own, showing that, on average, widow(er)s exhibit maladaptive patterns of autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune activity compared to matched comparisons. Widow(er)s also exhibit poorer health behaviors than they did before their spouse's death. There is considerable variation in post-loss psychological adjustment trajectories among widow(er)s, which likely corresponds to physical health risk trajectories. Yet, there is little biobehavioral research on patterns of change in physical health risk after the death of a spouse. We summarize recently published work demonstrating the utility of attachment theory to characterize and predict individual differences in physical health biomarkers; we highlight the need for a biopsychosocial approach to understand and characterize post-loss trajectory patterns. We conclude by discussing the possibility that this line of inquiry could help researchers, and ultimately providers, identify adjustment trajectories earlier and thus deliver appropriate interventions when they are most needed.Studying offspring of depressed mothers is a promising strategy for elucidating factors that contribute to depression onset, given that these offspring are three to six times more likely to develop depression than are their low-risk peers. In this paper we briefly describe representative findings from studies of younger and older offspring of depressed mothers and identify factors that have garnered the most consistent empirical support across development. We discuss what these studies can and cannot tell us about mechanisms that might underlie the intergenerational transmission of risk for depression, regardless of the age of offspring being studied. Finally, in light of limitations of this literature, we offer recommendations for future research.Heightened risk taking in adolescence has long been attributed to valuation systems overwhelming the deployment of cognitive control. However, this explanation of why adolescents engage in risk taking is insufficient given increasing evidence that risk-taking behavior can be strategic and involve elevated cognitive control. NCT503 We argue that applying the Expected Value of Control (EVC; Shenhav, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2013) computational model to adolescent risk taking can clarify under what conditions control is elevated or diminished during risky decision making. Through this lens, we review research examining when adolescent risk taking might be due to-rather than a failure of-effective cognitive control and suggest compelling ways to test such hypotheses. This effort can not only resolve when risk taking arises from an immaturity of the control system itself versus differences in what adolescents value relative to adults, but also identify promising avenues for channeling cognitive control towards adaptive outcomes in adolescence.The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has affected all supply chains through severe disruption of logistics activities, production, and markets. This study aimed to survey the impact of the coronavirus on the poultry supply chain using an exploratory sequential mixed design. We first addressed those stages of the poultry supply chain disrupted in an ongoing pandemic, and then elaborated particular disturbances associated with each stage. This study was based on data collected from Iranian poultry industry owners and experts who had sufficient experience in agricultural supply chains as well. As the qualitative phase, the content analysis was conducted to identify the impacts of the coronavirus on the poultry supply chain. The results and conclusions that emerged from the qualitative phase were refined and weighted by the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) and the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) respectively, in the quantitative phase. The results suggested that the pandemic has further affected the input supply as a stage in the poultry supply chain. This is probably because of the fact that the poultry industry is heavily dependent on inputs' flow. In addition, supply chain governance was seriously impaired due to the persistence of the pandemic. The coronavirus pandemic has significantly affected the stages that are most reliant on transportation. Finally, we found that a part of the disruptions that occur in the downstream of the supply chain is due to the epidemic's direct adverse effects, and another part is due to indirect consequences received from the upstream. Our findings and implications can be useful in decision-making procedures during ongoing epidemics.In this paper, we propose and study a stochastic aggregation-diffusion equation of the Keller-Segel (KS) type for modeling the chemotaxis in dimensions d = 2 , 3 . Unlike the classical deterministic KS system, which only allows for idiosyncratic noises, the stochastic KS equation is derived from an interacting particle system subject to both idiosyncratic and common noises. Both the unique existence of solutions to the stochastic KS equation and the mean-field limit result are addressed.