Reyesbishop2805

day 14 and remained high on day 42 in the BSL and BSH groups. Taken together, both Bacillus probiotics altered the intestinal and immune activities, particularly on day 14, suggesting beneficial influence of probiotics.Campylobacter spp. play an increasing role as foodborne pathogens, with poultry representing the main vehicle of infection, and control measures at the slaughterhouse have been implemented in the last years. In this study, 2 trials were performed, evaluating the effect of the chilling phases currently applied in an industrial slaughterhouse on the Campylobacter sp. contamination of broiler carcasses. In the first trial, neck skin samples were taken from 13 flocks before and after the on-chain air chilling and submitted to analysis of Campylobacter sp. count; in the second trial, 63 carcasses or cuts stored in the chilling room for variable times, with or without skin, were submitted to analysis of Campylobacter sp. count. A selection of 75 isolates was identified by PCR. All carcass skin samples taken from the first trial showed Campylobacter sp. counts higher than 0.7 log cfu/g. A wide variability in the counts (about 3 logs) was detected, showing a high correlation between the counts obtained before and after chilling. A slight decrease (P = 0.011) was observed after chilling (mean difference of about 0.3 log cfu/g), also if variability was observed among the flocks; the number of samples with high Campylobacter sp. counts (≥3 log cfu/g) was reduced (P = 0.010). In the second trial, low counts were generally detected (almost all lower than 3 log cfu/g). An evident decreasing trend was observed during storage, but the survival rate of Campylobacter on the cuts with skin was higher. All the isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni (72%) or Campylobacter coli. The data obtained were compared with the threshold limit set by EC Regulation 2073/2005, evidencing the impact of the sampling point on the counts. Our results highlighted the importance of applying a hurdle strategy including on-chain chilling and strict respect of the cold chain, allowing the food business operator to fulfill the process hygiene criteria and avoiding the delivery of highly contaminated meats.The extensive use of antibiotics has, in recent years, caused antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli to gradually develop into a worldwide problem. These resistant E. coli could be transmitted to humans through animal products and animal feces in the environment, thereby creating a problem for bacterial treatment for humans and animals and resulting in a public health issue. Monitoring the resistance of E. coli throughout the broiler fattening period is therefore of great significance for both the poultry industry and public health. In this longitudinal study, samples were taken from 6 conventional broiler fattening farms in Shandong Province, China, at 3 different times within 1 fattening period. The overall isolation rate of E. coli was 53.04% (375/707). Antibiotic resistance was very common in the E. coli isolated from these farms, and differed for different antibiotics, with ampicillin having the highest rate (92.86%) and cefoxitin the lowest (10.12%). Multidrug resistance was as high as 91.07%. More importantly, both the resistance rate of E. coli to the different drugs and the detection rate of drug resistance genes increased over time. The mobile colistin resistance (mcr-1) gene was detected in 24.40% of the strains, and these strains often carried other drug resistance genes, such as those conferring aminoglycoside, β-lactamase, tetracycline, and sulfonamide resistance. Antimicrobial resistance and drug resistance genes in E. coli were least common in the early fattening stage. The individual detection rates of sul1, sul3, aacC4, aphA3, and mcr-1 were significantly lower (P less then 0.05) for the early fattening stage than for the middle and late stages. The rational use of antibiotics, in conjunction with the improvement of the breeding environment during the entire broiler fattening cycle, will be helpful in the development of the poultry industry and the protection of public health.The primary cause of necrotic enteritis (NE) disease in chickens is the NetB-positive Clostridium perfringens bacterium. Many factors are known to affect the severity of NE in the challenge models of broiler chickens, and one of these factors is the virulence of C. perfringens strain. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 2 pathogenic C. perfringens strains in a NE challenge model on gut health and mRNA expression of genes encoding apoptosis, tight junction, immunity, and nutrient transporters in broilers. Day-old Ross-308 male broilers (n = 468) were allocated in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with in-feed antibiotics (no or yes) and challenge (Non, C. perfringens strain NE18, and C. perfringens strain NE36) as the factors. The birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria species on day 9 and with a fresh suspension of C. perfringens NE18 or NE36 on day 14 and 15. Sample collection was performed on 2 birds of each pen on day 16. Necrotic enteritis challenge, impaired ins can affect the severity of the disease through modulating the expression of intestinal genes encoding proteins responsible for apoptosis, gut integrity, immunity, mucus production, and nutrient transporters.Avian sperm storage tubules (SSTs), which are located in the uterovaginal junction (UVJ) of the oviduct, are primary sperm storage sites after mating or artificial insemination. The mechanism underlying reduced sperm storage efficiency of SSTs which is highly correlated with decreased fertility rates in aged laying breeders remains largely unclear. Here, comparative transcriptomic analysis between the aged and young White Leghorn hens (120 vs. 30 wk) was applied to identify gene expression changes of UVJs containing SSTs. Bioinformatics analysis revealed 567 upregulated and 1998 downregulated differentially expressed genes. Gene ontology analysis was highly enriched in terms of immune system, cell adhesion, and cytoskeleton proteins. PMX 205 cost Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed 5 significant (P less then 0.05) pathways including inositol phosphate and glycerophospholipid metabolism. β-Galactosidase staining of chicken UVJ sections suggested increased cell senescence via aging. Oil Red O staining and immunohistochemistry detection of ADFP both confirmed distribution of lipid droplets in SST cells with increased intensity in aged breeders.