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This review presents an overview of the field with focus on differences in cardiac energy metabolism, which are illustrated with specific examples. PURPOSE To assess the ability and reproducibility of Non-contrast Magnetic Resonance Lymphography (NMRL) in detecting and quantify lymphedema, using a semiquantitative scoring system. MTX-531 cell line METHODS AND MATERIAL This is a monocentric retrospective study of 134 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of limb lymphedema who performed a Non-contrast Magnetic Resonance Lymphography (NMRL) at our Institution between November 2014 and February 2017. Lymphedema was classified based both on clinical and radiologic evaluation. An NMRL total score was obtained for each limb's segment and compared to the clinical grade, used as reference standard. NMRL intra-observer, inter-observer variability and intraclass correlation were calculated. NMRL sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in identifying lymphedema were provided. Based on score distribution an NMRL four-stage system was developed. RESULTS NMRL showed 92% sensitivity, 77% specificity and 82% accuracy in identifying lymphedema. An almost perfect agreement was obtained by expert operators, while substantial agreement was obtained by non-expert operators. Substantial agreement resulted also for the inter-observer variability (Cohen's Kappa K = 0.73, CI 95% [0.69-0.78]). The intra-class correlation showed an almost perfect relationship both by expert and non-expert operators. Excellent correlation between clinical grade and NMRL score and between clinical grade and NMRL stage were found for each segment. CONCLUSIONS NMRL is a confident and reproducible exam with high sensitivity, good specificity and high accuracy in lymphedema detection; the semiquantitative NMRL score resulted a reliable and reproducible tool able to quantify lymphedema severity. Cognitive functions, for example speech processing, are distributed asymmetrically in the two hemispheres that mostly have homologous anatomical structures. Dichotic listening is a well-established paradigm to investigate hemispherical lateralization of speech. However, the mixed results of dichotic listening, especially when using tonal languages as stimuli, complicates the investigation of functional lateralization. We hypothesized that the inconsistent results in dichotic listening are due to an interaction in processing a mixture of acoustic and linguistic attributes that are differentially processed over the two hemispheres. In this study, a within-subject dichotic listening paradigm was designed, in which different levels of speech and linguistic information was incrementally included in different conditions that required the same tone identification task. A left ear advantage (LEA), in contrast with the commonly found right ear advantage (REA) in dichotic listening, was observed in the hummed tones conpheres. Bilingual speakers have to control their languages to avoid interference, which may be achieved by enhancing the target language and/or inhibiting the nontarget language. Previous research suggests that bilinguals use inhibition (e.g., Jackson et al., 2001), which should be reflected in the N2 component of the event-related potential (ERP) in the EEG. In the current study, we investigated the dynamics of inhibitory control by measuring the N2 during language switching and repetition in bilingual picture naming. Participants had to name pictures in Dutch or English depending on the cue. A run of same-language trials could be short (two or three trials) or long (five or six trials). We assessed whether RTs and N2 changed over the course of same-language runs, and at a switch between languages. Results showed that speakers named pictures more quickly late as compared to early in a run of same-language trials. Moreover, they made a language switch more quickly after a long run than after a short run. This run-length effect was only present in the first language (L1), not in the second language (L2). In ERPs, we observed a widely distributed switch effect in the N2, which was larger after a short run than after a long run. This effect was only present in the L2, not in the L1, although the difference was not significant between languages. In contrast, the N2 was not modulated during a same-language run. Our results suggest that the nontarget language is inhibited at a switch, but not during the repeated use of the target language. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now conceptualized as a biological entity defined by amyloid and tau deposition and neurodegeneration, with heterogeneous clinical presentations. With the aid of in vivo biomarkers, clinicians are better poised to examine clinical syndromic variability arising from a common pathology. Word retrieval deficits, measured using verbal fluency and confrontation naming tests, are hallmark features of the early clinical stages of the amnestic presentations of AD, specifically in category fluency and naming with relatively spared letter fluency. As yet, there is no consensus regarding performance on these tests in atypical clinical phenotypes of AD, including posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and logopenic primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), in individuals who are amyloid-positive (Aβ+) but present with different clinical profiles and patterns of neurodegeneration compared to amnestic AD. The goal of the current study is to determine how Aβ+ individuals across the syndromic spectrum of AD uneus, lateral parietal and temporal cortex, while category fluency and naming were associated with cortical thickness in left middle frontal gyrus, posterior middle temporal gyrus, and lateral parietal cortex. Visual confrontation naming was uniquely associated with atrophy in inferior temporal and visual association cortex. We conclude that a better understanding of the word retrieval profiles and underlying neurodegeneration across the AD syndromic spectrum will help improve interpretation of neuropsychological profiles with regard to the localization of neurodegeneration, particularly in the atypical AD variants. The feeling of happiness is beneficial for both mental and physical health. Based on the findings of previous studies that reported that the insular cortex is a crucial region for subjective feelings, including happiness, in this study, we further identified the subregion of the insula and its functional connectivity associated with subjective well-being (SWB). Using an iterative seed-target-seed approach, we labelled the posterior, dorsal, and ventral anterior insular regions of interest (ROIs) and evaluated the association between functional connectivity of each of these insular ROIs and the self-reported SWB in a group of 75 healthy elderly adults. We demonstrated that the functional connectivity of the dorsal anterior insula (dAI) was significantly correlated with SWB. This relationship was negative and unique for the functional connectivity of left dAI with specific regions from the default-mode network, including the anterior medial prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobe. Our result suggested a functional connectivity network of the left dAI with specific DMN brain regions, suggesting the neural basis of SWB.