Reimermccartney7876

Previous studies indicated distinct differences in biting and chewing behaviors between children and adults. However, these studies used different methodologies and failed to study age-related changes in the fine motor control of biting from childhood to adulthood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate age-related changes in oral fine motor control in healthy children in comparison to adults. Sixty-five healthy children (3-17 years) were equally divided into five age-groups based on their dental eruption stages. Each participant was asked to hold half a peanut rested on a force transducer between two opposing anterior teeth for 3-4 s before splitting it. The force applied on the transducer was continuously monitored and recorded during food holding and splitting. The data obtained from the children subgroups were compared to an adult group (18-35 years). Results showed that the force regulation during food manipulation was higher and more variable in children with primary to early-permanent dentition stages compared to adults. Additionally, children with primary and early-mixed dentition showed longer food splitting duration than adults and exhibited a predominantly step-wise ramp-increase of force. The results of the present study showed age-related changes in fine motor control of food biting maneuvers. The results of the study also suggested that younger children with primary dentition show signs of immature oral fine motor control. However, with an increase in age and the accompanying structural changes, the oral fine motor control eventually transits to a more matured "adult-like" biting maneuvers. Anxiety and depression are strikingly more prevalent in women compared with men. Dysregulation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) binding to its cognate receptor (CRFR1) is thought to play a critical role in the etiology of these disorders. In the present study, we investigated whether there were sex differences in the effects of chronic variable stress (CVS) on CRFR1 cells using CRFR1-GFP reporter mice experiencing a 9-day CVS paradigm. Brains were collected from CVS and stress naïve female and male mice following exposure to the open field test. This CVS paradigm effectively increased anxiety-like behavior in female and male mice. In addition, we assessed changes in activation of CRFR1 cells (co-localization with c-Fos and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB)) in stress associated brain structures, including two sexually dimorphic CRFR1 cell groups in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV/PeN; F>M) and paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN; M>F). CVS increased CRFR1-GFP cell number as well as the number of CRFR1/pCREB co-expressing cells in the female but not male AVPV/PeN. In the PVN, the number of CRFR1/pCREB co-expressing cells was overall greater in males regardless of treatment and CVS resulted in a male-specific reduction of CRFR1/c-Fos cells. In addition, CVS induced a female-specific reduction in CRFR1/c-Fos cells within the anteroventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and both sexes exhibited a reduction in CRFR1/c-Fos co-expressing cells following CVS within the ventral basolateral amygdala. Overall, these sex-specific effects of CVS on CRFR1 populations may have implications for sex differences in stress-induction of mood disorders. BACKGROUND Cross-transmission is a major concern in dental office, disinfection methods have been frequently used to reduce its incidence. Standard procedures include decontamination and sterilization. Traditional decontamination methods include Alcohol 70% and chlorhexidine digluconate, however, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) could be added as an alternative. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of aPDT on decontamination of high-speed handpieces, contaminated byStaphylococcus aureus (SA) and Escherichia coli (EC), and compare it to autoclave sterilized and to conventional chemical decontamination methods. METHODS Sterilized, SA and EC contaminated high-speed handpieces were divided in 7 groups G1- sterilized in an autoclave. G2- contaminated untreated control. G3- contaminated and decontaminated using Alcohol 70%. G4- contaminated and decontaminated using chlorhexidine digluconate 2%. G5- contaminated and laser treated. G6- contaminated and photosensitizer treated. G7- contaminated and photodynamic therapy. RESULTS The groups G3, G4, G7 did not show bacterial growth, G5 and G6 showed bacterial growth similar to G2. GPNA The study did not find SA or EC sensible to laser irradiation only, differently from some authors and did not consider biofilm in our experiments. CONCLUSION Our experiment showed that, laser and photosensitizer isolated were not effective to inhibitStaphylococcus aureus (SA) and Escherichia coli (EC) growth, but when associated in aPDT technic, can be compared to chemical disinfection agents that are traditionally used and effective against this pathogen. V.Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) is one of the most widely cultivated ornamental fish in global trade. However, transcriptomic data, which can reveal valuable genetic data for disease control and prevention, are extremely limited for this species. In this study, whole-body transcriptome sequencing of juvenile betta fish generated 4.457 GB of clean data and a total of 71,775 unigenes using the Illumina HiSeq4000 platform. These unigenes were functionally classified using 7 functional databases, yielding 45,316 NR (63.14%), 47,287 NT (65.88%), 39,105 Swiss-Prot (54.48%), 16,492 COG (22.98%), 37,694 KEGG (52.52%), 4,506 GO (6.28%), and 35,374 Interpro (49.28%) annotated unigenes. Furthermore, we also detected 13,834 SSRs distributed on 10,636 unigenes and 49,589 predicted CDSs. Based on KEGG analysis, five innate immune pathways (997 unigenes) were reported, including the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. Moreover, four antimicrobial peptide (AMP) families (hepcidin, piscidin, LEAP-2, and defensins) from the betta fish transcriptome were also identified. Additionally, cDNA and genomic DNA of two β-defensins was successfully isolated from four betta fish species. RT-PCR analysis showed that BsBD1 transcripts were most abundant in the muscle and kidney and BsBD2 transcripts were most abundant in the gill. The genomic organization showed that the BD1 and BD2 genes consisted of three exons and two introns according to the GT-AG rule. Most importantly, this is the first report of the betta fish whole-body transcriptome obtained by high-throughput sequencing. Our transcriptomic data and the discovery of betta fish AMPs should promote a better understanding of molecular immunology for disease prevention for further ornamental fish aquaculture.