Reillychu4758

Ecologists are increasingly interested in plant-pollinator networks that synthesize in a single object the species and the interactions linking them within their ecological context. Numerous indices have been developed to describe the structural properties and resilience of these networks, but currently, these indices are calculated for a network resolved to the species level, thus preventing the full exploitation of numerous datasets with a lower taxonomic resolution. Here, we used datasets from the literature to study whether taxonomic resolution has an impact on the properties of plant-pollinator networks.For a set of 41 plant-pollinator networks from the literature, we calculated nine network index values at three different taxonomic resolutions species, genus, and family. We used nine common indices assessing the structural properties or resilience of networks nestedness (estimated using the nestedness index based on overlap and decreasing fill [NODF], weighted NODF, discrepancy [BR], and spectral radiussing the rank instead of the absolute values. © 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Indochina and Sundaland are biologically diverse, interconnected regions of Southeast Asia with complex geographic histories. Few studies have examined phylogeography of bird species that span the two regions because of inadequate population sampling. To determine how geographic barriers/events and disparate dispersal potential have influenced the population structure, gene flow, and demographics of species that occupy the entire area, we studied five largely codistributed rainforest bird species Arachnothera longirostra, Irena puella, Brachypodius atriceps, Niltava grandis, and Stachyris nigriceps. We accomplished relatively thorough sampling and data collection by sequencing ultraconserved elements (UCEs) using DNA extracted from modern and older (historical) specimens. PD98059 in vivo We obtained a genome-wide set of 753-4,501 variable loci and 3,919-18,472 single nucleotide polymorphisms. The formation of major within-species lineages occurred within a similar span of time (0.5-1.5 mya). Major patterns in population geneross Southeast Asia, a process that is determined by geography, species characteristics, and the stochastic nature of dispersal and vicariance events. © 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Spider mites are severe pests of several annual and perennial crops worldwide, often causing important economic damages. As rapid evolution of pesticide resistance in this group hampers the efficiency of chemical control, alternative control strategies, such as the use of entomopathogenic fungi, are being developed. However, while several studies have focused on the evaluation of the control potential of different fungal species and/or isolates as well as their compatibility with other control methods (e.g., predators or chemical pesticides), knowledge on the extent of inter- and intraspecific variation in spider mite susceptibility to fungal infection is as yet incipient. Here, we measured the mortality induced by two generalist fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum, in 12 spider mite populations belonging to different Tetranychus species T. evansi, T. ludeni, and T. urticae (green and red form), within a full factorial experiment. We found that spider mite species differed in their susceptibility to infection by both fungal species. Moreover, we also found important intraspecific variation for this trait. These results draw caution on the development of single strains as biocontrol agents. Indeed, the high level of intraspecific variation suggests that (a) the one-size-fits-all strategy may fail to control spider mite populations and (b) hosts resistance to infection may evolve at a rapid pace. Finally, we propose future directions to better understand this system and improve the long-term success of spider mite control strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi. © 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Dispersal ability is key to species persistence in times of environmental change. Assessing a species' vulnerability and response to anthropogenic changes is often performed using one of two methods correlative approaches that infer dispersal potential based on traits, such as wingspan or an index of mobility derived from expert opinion, or a mechanistic modeling approach that extrapolates displacement rates from empirical data on short-term movements.Here, we compare and evaluate the success of the correlative and mechanistic approaches using a mechanistic random-walk model of butterfly movement that incorporates relationships between wingspan and sex-specific movement behaviors.The model was parameterized with new data collected on four species of butterfly in the south of England, and we observe how wingspan relates to flight speeds, turning angles, flight durations, and displacement rates.We show that flight speeds and turning angles correlate with wingspan but that to achieve good prediction of displacement even over 10 min the model must also include details of sex- and species-specific movement behaviors.We discuss what factors are likely to differentially motivate the sexes and how these could be included in mechanistic models of dispersal to improve their use in ecological forecasting. © 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Concerns over the availability of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) to meet pollination demands have elicited interest in alternative pollinators to mitigate pressures on the commercial beekeeping industry. The blue orchard bee, Osmia lignaria (Say), is a commercially available native bee that can be employed as a copollinator with, or alternative pollinator to, honeybees in orchards. To date, their successful implementation in agriculture has been limited by poor recovery of bee progeny for use during the next spring. This lack of reproductive success may be tied to an inadequate diversity and abundance of alternative floral resources during the foraging period. Managed, supplementary wildflower plantings may promote O. lignaria reproduction in California almond orchards. Three wildflower plantings were installed and maintained along orchard edges to supplement bee forage. Plantings were seeded with native wildflower species that overlapped with and extended beyond almond bloom. We measured bee visitation to planted wildflowers, bee reproduction, and progeny outcomes across orchard blocks at variable distances from wildflower plantings during 2015 and 2016.