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Several effective pharmacological therapies for panic disorder (PD) are available, but they have some drawbacks, and unsatisfactory outcomes can occur. Expanding the variety of anti-panic medications may allow for improving PD treatment. The authors performed an updated systematic review of preclinical and clinical (Phase I-III) pharmacological studies to look for advances made in the last six years concerning novel-mechanism-based anti-panic compounds or using medications approved for nonpsychiatric medical conditions to treat PD. The study included seven published articles presenting a series of preclinical studies, two Phase I clinical studies with orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists, and two clinical studies investigating the effects of D-cycloserine (DCS) and xenon gas in individuals with PD. The latest preclinical findings confirmed and expanded previous promising indications of OXR1 antagonists as novel-mechanism-based anti-panic compounds. Translating preclinical research into clinical applications remains in the early stages. However, limited clinical findings suggested the selective OXR1 antagonist JNJ-61393115 may exert anti-panic effects in humans. Overall, OXR1 antagonists displayed a favorable profile of short-term safety and tolerability. Very preliminary suggestions of possible anti-panic effects of xenon gas emerged but need confirmation with more rigorous methodology. DCS did not seem promising as an enhancer of cognitive-behavioral therapy in PD. Future studies, including objective panic-related physiological parameters, such as respiratory measures, and expanding the use of panic vulnerability biomarkers, such as hypersensitivity to CO2 panic provocation, may allow for more reliable conclusions about the anti-panic properties of new compounds.Clozapine is recommended for patients with schizophrenia and tardive dystonia (TD); however, the appropriate dose remains unclear. In this case, a low dose (150 mg/day) of clozapine improved refractory TD and further ameliorated psychiatric symptoms. Herein, we report on a 41-year-old female with schizophrenia and TD who was treated with a low clozapine dose. After eight weeks of continuous clozapine at 150 mg/day (16 weeks after clozapine initiation), her TD dramatically improved, and her psychiatric symptoms were relieved. Low clozapine doses could ameliorate refractory TD. However, this effect might require up to several weeks. Clinicians should be patient unless they consider it better to increase the clozapine dose.

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) is the infection of baby by HIV that originated from an HIV-positive mother during pregnancy and breast feeding. Without intervention, the transmission rate of HIV ranges from 15-45%, which can be reduced to below 5% with effective intervention. In Ethiopia, the final mother-to-child transmission rate was 15% in 2016, which was much higher than the target of the country to reduce transmission to lower than 5% by 2020. The study aims to identify determinants of transmission of HIV from mother to child in the West Shewa Zone.

An unmatched case-control study, among children less than 5 years who tested HIV positive and negative, at the end of PMTC follow-up, N=96 (24 cases, 72 controls) was conducted during June to August 2019, focusing on PCR done during the last 2 years (June 2017 to July 2019), in public hospitals. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and data abstraction forms from mothers of exposed infants, medicant factors of HIV transmission from mother to child.

The burden of HIV is mainly found in Sub Saharan Africa. The HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment is found to be higher and it can exist at all stages of HIV. Selleckchem GSK343 The HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment has a significant impact on a patient's daily living and highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) adherence. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment among adult people on HIV treatment.

A total of 423 people living with HIV/AIDS were planned to include in the study. A systematic random sampling technique was used to get the study participants. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. Factors with a p-value of ≤ 0.2 on bivariate analyses were recruited for multivariate logistic regression analyses, and 95% CI at p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Variance inflation factors for continuous variables and SpearmaRT treatment experienced HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. It will be better if health professionals working at the HIV/TB clinic screen and consult HIV patients for psychiatric evaluation and treatment. Due attention should be given to HIV patients with associated factors.

A retrospective analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of the preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI) on the severity of toxic side effects of radiochemotherapy and the survival prognosis of patients with gastric cancer to guide the clinical nutritional support for patients with gastric cancer.

Data of 191 patients with gastric cancer in the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Guizhou Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University between January 2008 and December 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were allocated to the high PNI group (with PNI ≥47.7) and the low PNI group (with PNI <47.7) according to the PNI cutoff value, and the incidence of severe toxic side effects of radiochemotherapy and the overall survival time were compared between the high PNI group and low PNI group. In addition, prognostic factor analysis was performed.

The severe hematologic side effects of radiochemotherapy and shorter postoperative survival time were more likely to occur in the low PNI group than in the high PNI group. The multifactor analysis showed that TNM stage (p = 0.000) and PNI (p = 0.001) were the independent risk factors for the overall postoperative survival time in patients with gastric cancer.

Preoperative PNI might predict the severity of hematologic toxic side effects of adjuvant chemotherapy/radiochemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer after surgery. Patients in the low PNI group were more likely to have severe hematologic toxic side effects, and therefore a low PNI might be one of the important factors affecting the prognosis of gastric cancer.

Preoperative PNI might predict the severity of hematologic toxic side effects of adjuvant chemotherapy/radiochemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer after surgery. Patients in the low PNI group were more likely to have severe hematologic toxic side effects, and therefore a low PNI might be one of the important factors affecting the prognosis of gastric cancer.