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Microbial organisms engage in a variety of metabolic interactions. A crucial part of these interactions is the exchange of molecules between different organelles, cells, and the environment. The main forces mediating this metabolic exchange are transporters. This transport can be difficult to measure experimentally because several transport mechanisms remain opaque. However, theoretical calculations about the inputs and outputs of cells via metabolic exchanges have enabled the successful inference of the workings of intra-organismal and inter-organismal systems. Kinetic, metabolic, and statistical modeling approaches in combination with omics data are enhancing our knowledge and understanding about metabolic exchange and mass resource allocation. This model-driven analytics approach can guide effective experimental design and yield new insights into biological function and control.Enzymes are incredibly potent catalysts with the potential for rapid turnover rates and exquisite specificity, leading to their desired use in multiple biotechnological processes. Yet using these natural catalysts outside of their evolved role can necessitate significant engineering. Immobilization onto microscale (or larger) scaffolds can impart industrially-desired properties but often sacrifices enzymatic activity for long-term stability; in contrast, nanoparticle (NP) conjugation of enzymes can preserve or even enhance their activity. Here, we focus on recent examples of enzyme immobilization onto NPs as a method to improve their industrial applicability. We highlight the analytical methods that are used to both characterize such enhancement along with provide insight into the phenomena that give rise to it. Finally, a short perspective addresses how to adapt lessons learned at the bench about this phenomena to larger-scale biotechnological applications.

This study of children with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) profiled neurological presentations; compared patients with (+) and without (-) port-wine stain (PWS); and determined risk factors for intellectual and language impairments.

A retrospective case note review was conducted at a national centre.

This cohort (n=140, male 72, median follow up 114 months) showed sex parity. Intellectual disability ("ID" IQ≤70) affected half (66), being severe (IQ≤40) in two-fifths (27) with ID. Language disorder (core score≤70) affected half (57). Neurological presentations were status epilepticus 57% (80), hemiplegia 58% (81), headaches 36% (50) and acutely acquired neurological deficits lasting over 24h 40% (56). One-seventh (20) were PWS(-). Entinostat in vivo This group had fewer lobes with angioma (p<0.0001); and less frequent ID (p=0.002) or language disorder (p=0.013). Seizure frequency and status epilepticus prevalence did not differ from PWS(+). ID and language disorder were associated with more lobes with angioma; earlier seizriate support.

This is the largest reported series documenting detailed developmental profiles of children with SWS, including ID and ASD. PWS(+) shows high rates of ID and language disorder. PWS(-) SWS has a more favourable outcome. Cognitive outcome is contingent on number of affected lobes and bilateral involvement. Epilepsy exerts an additional deleterious effect on language and cognition. A high percentage of children have a history of status epilepticus, with evidence that this impacts language and cognitive outcomes. Acutely acquired neurological deficits did not penalise either. Regular structured clinical and developmental assessment permit greater identification of neurological and neurodevelopmental impairments in SWS, and appropriate support.

To compare Melatonin with Triclofos for efficacy (proportion of successful EEG, need of augmentation, sleep onset latency (SOL), yield of discharges, duration of sleep, presence and grade of artifacts) and tolerability (adverse effect profile).

A randomized trial was performed (block randomization). All children were advised regarding sleep deprivation, EEG technician administered the drug. EEG was labelled successful if at least 30min of record could be obtained (sleep with or without awake state). Pediatric neurologist reported the EEG findings-sleep onset latency, epileptiform abnormalities and graded the artifacts (excess beta activity and movement artifacts if present). The parents were interviewed telephonically next day by a pediatric resident for any adverse effects. The parents, pediatric neurologist and pediatric resident were blinded for the drug given.

228 children were randomized (114 each received Melatonin and Triclofos). Both the groups were comparable at baseline for age group and demographic data. The proportion of successful EEG was 89.4% in Melatonin and 91.2% in Triclofos. First dose was effective in 64% in Melatonin and 63.15% in Triclofos group. Augmentation dose was needed in 25.4% in Melatonin and 28% in Triclofos group. Mean total sleep duration was 80min after Melatonin and 82.39 after Triclofos administration. Adverse effects were observed in 6.14% of Melatonin and 8.65% of Triclofos group. None of the results were statistically significant.

There was no significant difference between efficacy and tolerability of Melatonin and Triclofos. Melatonin can be safely used to achieve sleep for EEG in children.

There was no significant difference between efficacy and tolerability of Melatonin and Triclofos. Melatonin can be safely used to achieve sleep for EEG in children.

Speech perception in noise is a highly challenging situation experienced by hearing-impaired children (HIC). Despite advances in hearing aid technologies, speech perception in noise still poses challenges. Pitch-based training improves pitch discrimination and speech perception and may facilitate concurrent sound segregation. Considering the role of harmonics in the analysis of concurrent sounds, we performed a harmonic assessment, examined the role of harmonic training in the rehabilitation of moderate-to-severe HIC, and investigated its effect on their speech perception in noise.

The participants were 57 normally hearing children (NHC) with a mean age of 7.73±1.57 years and 18 HIC with a mean age of 7.94±1.47 years. The two groups were compared in terms of harmonic assessment, the Pitch Pattern Sequence Test (PPST), the Consonant-Vowel in Noise (CV in noise) test, and the Bamford-Kowal Bench (BKB) test. Subsequently, the HIC underwent harmonic training, and the results of the pre- and post-harmonic training assessments were compared.