Quinlanwaugh9198

e. education) was positively associated with asceticism and reflexivity; (iii) asceticism, general refinement, reflexivity, but not food refinement, were associated with a lower BMI; (iv) asceticism, general refinement and reflexivity together accounted for 52% of the association between embodied/objectified cultural capital and BMI, and 38% of the association between institutionalised cultural capital and BMI.When evaluating the impact of a biodiversity conservation intervention, a 'counterfactual' is needed, as true experimental controls are typically unavailable. Counterfactuals are possible alternative system trajectories in the absence of an intervention and comparing observed outcomes against the chosen counterfactual allows the impact (change attributable to the intervention) to be determined. Since counterfactuals are hypothetical scenarios, and by definition never occur, they must be estimated. Sometimes there may be many plausible counterfactuals, given that they can include multiple drivers of biodiversity change, and be defined on a range of spatial or temporal scales. Here we posit that, by definition, conservation interventions always take place in social-ecological systems (SES; ecological systems integrated with human actors). Evaluating the impact of an intervention within an SES therefore means taking into account the counterfactuals assumed by different human actors. Use of different counterfactuce. Article impact statement Sum of perceived differences captures impact range in social-ecological systems, indicating how closely actors agree on intervention impacts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Aims To explore decision control preferences and decisional conflicts and to analyze their association among the surrogate decision-makers in the intensive care unit. Design The study carried out a cross-sectional survey among the surrogates. Methods Participants were 115 surrogate decision-makers of critical patients, from August to September 2019. A Chi square test and logistic regression were used to assess decision control preferences and decisional conflicts, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was employed to examine their association. Results Of 115 surrogate decision-makers, 51.3% preferred a collaborative role, and 63.48% were somewhat unsure about making decisions. Logistic regression analysis identified decision control preferences was associated with surrogates' age, education level, and personality traits, while decisional conflicts was associated with surrogates' age, education level, character, medical expense burden, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II score. Cohen's kappa statistics showed a bad concordance of decision-making expectations and actuality, with kappa values of 0.158 (p less then 0.05). Wherein surrogates who experienced discordance between their preferred and actual roles, have relatively higher decisional conflicts. Conclusion This study identified individual differences of surrogate decision-makers in decision control preferences and decisional conflicts. These results imply that incorporation of the individual decision preferences and communication styles into care plans is an important first step to develop high quality decision support. Impact This research is a contribution to the limited study on decision control preferences and decisional conflicts among surrogate decision-makers of critically ill patients. Moreover, based on the investigation of understanding the status and related factors of decision preferences and decisional conflicts set the stage for developing effective decision support interventions.Variants in the gene SCN1A are a common genetic cause for a wide range of epilepsy phenotypes ranging from febrile seizures to Dravet syndrome. Focal onset seizures and structural lesions can be present in these patients and the question arises whether epilepsy surgery should be considered. We report eight patients (mean age 13y 11mo [SD 8y 1mo], range 3-26y; four females, four males) with SCN1A variants, who underwent epilepsy surgery. Outcomes were variable and seemed to be directly related to the patient's anatomo-electroclinical epilepsy phenotype. Patients with Dravet syndrome had unfavourable outcomes, whilst patients with focal epilepsy, proven to arise from a single structural lesion, had good results. We conclude that the value of epilepsy surgery in patients with an SCN1A variant rests on two issues understanding whether the variant is pathogenic and the patient's anatomo-electroclinical phenotype. Careful evaluation of epilepsy phenotype integrated with understanding the significance of genetic variants is essential in determining a patient's suitability for epilepsy surgery. Patients with focal onset epilepsy may benefit from epilepsy surgery, whereas those with Dravet syndrome do not.In order to identify the most relevant environmental parameters that regulate flowering time of bulbous perennials, first flowering dates of 329 taxa over 33 years are correlated with monthly and daily mean values of 16 environmental parameters (such as insolation, precipitation, temperature, soil water content, etc.) spanning at least one year back from flowering. A machine learning algorithm is deployed to identify the best explanatory parameters because the problem is strongly prone to overfitting for traditional methods if the number of parameters is the same or greater than the number of observations, then a linear model can perfectly fit the dependent variable (observations). Surprisingly, the best proxy of flowering date fluctuations is the daily snow depth anomaly, which cannot be a signal itself, however it should be related to some integrated temperature signal. Moreover, daily snow depth anomaly as proxy performs much better than mean soil temperature preceding the flowering, the best monthly explanatory parameter. Our findings support the existence of complicated temperature sensing mechanisms operating on different time scales, which is a prerequisite to precisely observe the length and severity of the winter season and translate e.g., "lack of snow" information to meaningful internal signals related to phenophases.Key points The vagus nerve is the largest cranial nerve and innervates many structures in the neck, thorax and abdomen. Although single-unit recordings from the vagus nerve have been performed in experimental animals for several decades, no recordings have ever been made from the human vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is routinely stimulated clinically, yet we know little of its physiology in humans. We describe the methodology and provide preliminary results of the first intraneural single-unit recordings from the cervical vagus in awake humans, using tungsten microelectrodes inserted into the nerve through ultrasound guidance. Abstract Intraneural microelectrodes have been used extensively to record from single somatosensory axons supplying muscle, tendons, joints and skin, as well as to record from postganglionic sympathetic axons supplying muscle and skin, in accessible peripheral nerves in awake humans. However, the vagus nerve has never been targeted, probably because of its close proximity to the carotid artery and jugular vein in the neck. Here, we report the first unitary recordings from the human cervical vagus nerve, obtained using ultrasound-guided insertion of tungsten microelectrodes into fascicles of the nerve. We identified tonically-active neurones in which firing rates were inversely related to heart rate (and directly related to the cardiac interval), which we classified as putative preganglionic parasympathetic axons directed to the sinoatrial node of the heart. We also recorded from tonically-active presumed sensory axons from the airways and presumed motor axons to the larynx. This new methodology opens exciting new opportunities for studying the physiology of the human vagus nerve in health and disease.Assisted migration is a controversial conservation measure that aims to protect threatened species by moving part of their population outside its natural range. While this could save species from extinction, it also introduces a range of risks. The magnitude of the threat to recipient ecosystems has not been investigated quantitatively, despite being the most common criticism levelled at the action. In this study, we use an ensemble modelling framework to estimate the risks of assisted migration to existing species within ecosystems. The approach calculates the consequences of an assisted migration project across a very large combination of translocated species and recipient ecosystems. It predicts both the probability of a successful assisted migration, and the number of extinctions that will results from the establishment of the translocated species. Using an ensemble of 1.5 × 106 simulated 15-species recipient ecosystems, we estimate that translocated species will successfully establish in 83% of cases if introduced to stable, high-quality habitats. However, the ensemble estimates that assisted migration projects will cause an average of 0.6 local extinctions, with 5% of successful translocations triggering four or more extinctions. Quantifying the impacts to species within recipient ecosystems is critical to help managers weigh the benefits and negative consequences of assisted migration. Article impact statement Assisted migration is controversial conservation initiative because its effects on recipient ecosystems are not easily predicted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.There is no general explanation for why species have restricted geographic distributions. One hypothesis posits that range expansion or increasing scarcity of suitable habitat results in accumulation of mutational load due to enhanced genetic drift, which constrains population performance toward range limits and further expansion. We tested this hypothesis in the North American plant, Arabidopsis lyrata. We experimentally assessed mutational load by crossing plants of 20 populations from across the entire species range and by raising the offspring of within- and between-population crosses at five common garden sites within and beyond the range. Offspring performance was tracked over three growing seasons. The heterosis effect, depicting expressed mutational load, was increased in populations with heightened genomic estimates of load, longer expansion distance or long-term isolation, and a selfing mating system. The decline in performance of within-population crosses amounted to 80%. Mutation accumulation due to past range expansion and long-term isolation of populations in the area of range margins is therefore a strong determinant of population-mean performance, and the magnitude of effect may be sufficient to cause range limits.SUMOylation is a post-translational modification that regulates protein signalling and complex formation by adjusting the conformation or protein-protein interactions of the substrate protein. There is a compelling and rapidly expanding body of evidence that, in addition to SUMOylation of nuclear proteins, SUMOylation of extranuclear proteins contributes to the control of neuronal development, neuronal stress responses and synaptic transmission and plasticity. In this brief review we provide an update of recent developments in the identification of synaptic and synapse-associated SUMO target proteins and discuss the cell biological and functional implications of these discoveries.