Putnamvinding4931

© 2020 The Authors. The FASEB Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.Sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) have been considered as promising high-capacity cathode materials for rechargeable batteries. They have differences in physical properties ( e.g. , electronic conductivity) but the same number of electrons in their outermost shells which lead to similarity in electrochemical behavior in batteries. In recent years, some efforts have been taken to combine them in electrodes in the hope of improved battery performance. The S-Se bonds of these electrode materials lead to unusual properties and intriguing electrochemical behavior, which have attracted increasing interest. In this Minireview, we summarize the electrode materials containing S-Se bonds including inorganic S x Se y  solid solutions, organic compounds, and organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Our understanding in these materials is still premature, but they have shown unique properties to be electrode materials. We hope this Minireview could provide a new insight into the design, synthesis, and understanding of these materials which could enable high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Tight junction (TJ) plays an important role in regulating paracellular fluid transport in salivary glands; however, little is known about the involvement of TJs in diabetes salivary glands. This study aimed to investigate the alterations of TJs and their possible contribution in diabetes-induced hyposalivation. Here, we observed that the morphologies of submandibular glands (SMGs) were impaired, characterized by enlarged acini accumulation with giant secretory granules, which were significantly reduced in atrophic ducts in SMGs of db/db mice, a spontaneous model of type-2 diabetes. However, the secretory granules were increased and scattered in the acini of diabetes parotid glands (PGs). Other ultrastructural damages including swollen mitochondria, expansive endoplasmic reticulum, and autophagosomes were observed in the diabetes group. The levels of TJ proteins including claudin-1 (Cldn1) and claudin-3 (Cldn3) were increased, whereas those of claudin-4 (Cldn4), occludin (Ocln), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were decreased in SMGs of db/db mice. Higher Cldn1 and Cldn3 and lower claudin-10 (Cldn10) and Ocln levels were observed in PGs of diabetes mice. Taken together, the structures of SMGs and PGs were impaired in diabetes mice, and the disruption of TJ integrity in both SMGs and PGs may contribute to diabetes-induced hyposalivation. © 2020 Anatomical Society.Estrogen receptor (ER) status by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of cancer tissue is currently used to direct endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 16α-18F-fluoro-17β-estradiol (18 F-FES) noninvasively characterizes ER ligand-binding function of breast cancer lesions. Concordance of imaging and tissue assays should be established for 18 F-FES PET to be an alternative or complement to tissue biopsy for metastatic lesions. We conducted a meta-analysis of published results comparing 18 F-FES PET and tissue assays of ER status in patients with breast cancer. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for English-language manuscripts with at least 10 patients and low overall risk of bias. Thresholds for imaging and tissue classification could differ between studies but had to be clearly stated. We used hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic curve models for the meta-analysis. Canagliflozin The primary analysis included 113 nonbreast lesions from 4 studies; an expanded analysis included 327 ence tissue assays and discusses best practices for use of the tracer as an imaging biomarker. 18 F-FES PET could enhance breast cancer diagnosis and staging as well as aid in therapy selection for patients with metastatic disease. Tissue sampling limitations, intrapatient heterogeneity, and temporal changes in molecular markers make it likely that 18 F-FES PET will complement existing assays when clinically available in the near future. © AlphaMed Press 2020.Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world and is known to disrupt healthy sleep. However, very few studies have directly tested the effect of caffeine abstinence on sleep, and these have yielded inconsistent findings. The purpose of the present study was to examine changes in sleep following caffeine abstinence and examine the extent to which characteristics of habitual caffeine use moderated this change. Participants included 66 healthy, young adults with habitual caffeine use and poor sleep. During the 2-week baseline, sleep was assessed using wrist actigraphy and daily caffeine use was assessed with bedtime diaries. Eligible participants then completed 1 week of caffeine abstinence, during which sleep was measured with wrist actigraphy. Multilevel models found no significant differences between either mean levels or growth trajectories of total sleep time or sleep efficiency between baseline and caffeine abstinence. Mean levels of sleep onset latency also did not differ between baseline and caffeine abstinence. A small but significant quadratic effect was observed, such that sleep onset latency decreased during the first few days of caffeine abstinence, then increased to levels above baseline. Characteristics of caffeine use did not moderate changes in sleep between baseline and caffeine abstinence. These data suggest that abstaining from caffeine may not result in long-term sleep improvement for habitual caffeine users, which contradicts the common sleep health recommendation. The present findings encourage more rigorous investigation of the effectiveness of caffeine restriction on sleep. © 2020 European Sleep Research Society.AIMS The purpose of this study was to assess the antiviral activity of the rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combination and to describe the pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine and its association with resistance in clinical routine. METHODS A retrospective multicenter cohort study was performed in both naive and pre-treated HIV patients receiving the once-daily rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimen. Immuno-virologic and resistance data, and rilpivirine plasma trough concentrations were collected over the follow-up. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between RPV PK and virological response. ROC curve analysis was performed to determine the best target rilpivirine trough concentration. RESULTS Overall 379 patients were included. After a median follow-up of 28 months, 26% of patients discontinued mainly due to toxicity and the virological success rate was 65.7%. Virological failure occurred in 5% of patients. A significant proportion of patients with HIV-RNA >40 copies/mL displayed rilpivirine plasma trough concentrations below the currently used 50 ng/mL efficacy threshold at both M6 (28%) and M12 (31%) in agreement with a significant lower median rilpivirine plasma trough concentration compared with patients virologically suppressed. Half of the patients with virologic failure who acquired rilpivirine resistance mutations had at least one suboptimal rilpivirine trough concentration. The optimal target for rilpivirine trough concentration found was 70 ng/mL (sensitivity 75.4%; specificity 61.5%). CONCLUSIONS This study shows the impact of rilpivrine plasma trough concentration on both virological response and the emergence of rilpivirine mutations. Moreover, our results suggest that a higher target of rilpivirine trough concentration could be proposed in clinical practice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) are disorder of autosomal recessive carbohydrate metabolism characterized by glycogen accumulation. Commonly affected organs are liver and muscle tissue, but patients may present with different clinical manifestations. The presence of glycogen can be demonstrated in biopsies and definitive diagnosis can be made by enzymatic or molecular analysis. The aim of this study was to determine the gene mutations specific in our cases with GSD. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of GSD were studied. Thirty-two patients have undergone genetic analysis. In our study, next generation sequencing panel is used. RESULTS Five novel, likely pathogenic, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) changes were detected in seven patients. Two new pathogenic variations of c.927delT (p.Phe309LeufsTer4) homozygous and c.44C> G (p.Ser15Ter) homozygous in the G6PC gene were detected in two GSD type Ia patients. In our two non-sibling GSD type III patients, c.1439T> G (p.Leu480Arg) homozygous novel-VUS was detected in the AGL gene. In our GSD type IV patient, c.1054G> C (p.Asp352His) homozygous novel-VUS was detected in the GBE1 gene. In GSD type VI, two sibling patients had c.1454A> G (p.Asn485Ser) homozygous novel-VUS change in PYGL gene. CONCLUSIONS We determined the gene mutations specific to cohort in our cases with GSD. The novel pathogenic, likely pathogenic and VUS changes identified will contribute to the relationship between clinical and laboratory findings of the patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The immunosuppressive properties of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) suggest a new role of angiogenic factors in T cell modulation in cancer and pregnancy. Most of VEGF effects on T cells are mediated through the VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR-2). This study aims to investigate the role of placental growth factor (PlGF) as a selective VEGFR-1 ligand in the modulation of human T cells functions. For this, PBMCs from healthy donors were stimulated with anti-CD3 mAbs (a-CD3) or Concanavalin A (ConA) in the absence or presence of PlGF and assessed for T cell proliferation, IL-10 production, programmed cell death, and the expression of inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3) using radiometric (3 H-thymidine incorporation) and FACS analysis. We showed that most T cells in freshly isolated PBMCs lacked VEGFR-1. However, activation with a-CD3 or ConA strongly increased the percentages of VEGFR-1 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. PlGF in a wide dose range suppressed PBMC cell proliferation, inhibiting both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Blockade of VEGFR-1, but not VEGFR-2 with neutralizing Abs completely abolished the suppressive effect of PlGF. Furthermore, we found that treatment with PlGF up-regulated IL-10 production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, promoted CD8+ T cells apoptosis and enhanced the expression of inhibitory receptors (PD-1 and TIM-3) on activated T cells. Our in vitro findings suggest the involvement of PlGF/VEGFR-1 signaling in the modulation of T cell responses in a-CD3-stimulated PBMCs. ©2020 Society for Leukocyte Biology.BACKGROUND The fluorescence sensing method has been increasingly applied in food quality control because it is fast and sensitive. However, its application in quality evaluation is challenging. Using Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP, dried mandarin orange peel) as an example, we developed a simple and low-cost fluorescence sensing strategy based on nanoparticles combined with spectral splicing and chemometrics for quality evaluation. This method can recognize the Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (CRC) from other CRP cultivars and further identify the storage year. RESULTS Nanogold particles and cadmium telluride quantum dots were selected as nanosensors and mixed with aqueous extracts of CRP separately to produce fluorescence quenching spectra. Then, a simple spectral splicing procedure was applied to obtain spliced spectra comprising different combinations of the self-fluorescence and fluorescence-quenching spectra of CRP samples. With the aid of partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA), the new strategy achieved recognition rates of 100% in distinguishing the CRC samples from other CRP samples, as well as recognition rates of 100% for training set and 98.