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Chronic exposure to stressors can disrupt normal brain function and induce anxiety-like behavior and neurobiological alterations in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Here, we showed that unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) induced anxiety-like behavior, lowered glutamatergic neuronal activity and reactive astrocytes in the BLA. Using optogenetic tools, we found that activation of BLA glutamatergic neurons did not rescue anxiety-like behavior in stressed mice. In contrast, however, optogenetic activation of the BLA astrocytes relieved stress-induced anxiety, and, interestingly, chronic optogenetic manipulation fully restored the UCMS-induced behavioral and neurobiological dysfunctions, including anxiety-like behavior, lower c-Fos expression in the BLA, S100 overexpression in the BLA, and higher serum corticosterone concentration. Thus, our findings suggest that chronic manipulation of BLA astrocytes is a potential therapeutic intervention target for pathological anxiety.Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell necrosis was previously reported to be induced upon pharmacological targeting of the cystine transporter SLC7A11 in Head and neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). Whether tumors arising in a context of chronic infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) are sensitive to ferroptosis is unknown. Using RNAseq data (both whole-tumor and single-cell sequencing) we report that HPV positive (HPV+ve) tumors have lower expression levels of SLC7A11 compared to HPV negative (HPV-ve) HNSCC. We examined in vitro the effect of erastin, a specific blocker of SLC7A11, applied on two HNSCC cell lines with stable expression of HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. We report a decrease in total GSH levels and an increased sensitivity to erastin-induced ferroptosis in E6-E7 cells. Cell sensitivity to ferroptosis was specificaly related to a defect in cystine transport since we found no difference in ferroptosis induced by the direct inhibition of GPX4, and N-Acetyl Cystein abolished the difference between WT and E6-E7-expressing cells. Our findings point to SLC7A11 as an HPV-related biomarker of potential therapeutic relevance in HNSCC. Targeting cystine import to promote ferroptosis might be a promising strategy against HPV+ve HNSCC. (188 words).Macrophages contribute to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), but the effect of macrophage on AAA formation is not totally understood. Recent research proved that macrophage pyroptosis plays an important role in many cardiovascular disease. However, whether macrophage pyroptosis is involved in AAA and its mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we found that the pyroptosis significantly increased in AAA tissues. β5i inhibitor PR-957 treatment or β5i deficiency markedly ameliorated AAA formation and decreased the pyroptosis. Pyroptosis were also significantly attenuated in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) from β5i-/- mice compared with the control group when they were subjected to OXLDL. Mechanistically, β5i may promote activation of NFκB which augment NLRP3 expression. In conclusion, this study suggested macrophages pyroptosis are involved in AAA and inhibition or knockout of β5i decreased macrophage pyroptosis via IκB/NFκB pathway.

The objective was to explore how clinically relevant machining process and heat treatment influence damage accumulation and strength degradation in lithium silicate-based glass ceramics machined in the fully crystallized state.

A commercial zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) glass ceramic with a fully developed microstructure (Celtra® Duo) was studied. Disk-shaped specimens (nominal 10 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness) were fabricated either using a CAD-CAM process, creating a clinically relevant dental restoration surface, or were sectioned from water-jet cut cylindrical blocks with their critical surfaces consistently polished. Bi-axial flexure strength (BFS) was determined in a ball-on-ring configuration, and fractographic analysis was performed on failed specimens. XRD, AFM and SEM measurements were conducted before and after heat treatment. For each sample group, BFS was correlated with surface roughness. A two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests were used to determine differences in BFS between to influence restoration performance; however, this can be partially mitigated by post-machining heat treatment.

The mechanical properties of the ZLS ceramic material studied were highly sensitive to the initial surface defect integral associated with manufacturing route and order of operations. CAD-CAM manufacturing procedures result in significant strength-limiting damage which is likely to influence restoration performance; however, this can be partially mitigated by post-machining heat treatment.

Non-biodegradable particles comprising hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPT) have been reported as useful carriers for fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). AS1842856 nmr They have also been successfully incorporated into the 4-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethoxycarbonyl]phthalic anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butyl borane (4-META/MMA-TBB) resin to promote tissue regeneration. However, smaller particles are required to obtain restorative materials acceptable for clinical use. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of the 4-META/MMA-TBB resin that comprises small FGF-2-loaded particles to release FGF-2 and promote cell proliferation. In addition, the bonding and physical properties of the experimental resin were evaluated.

The small particles loaded with FGF-2 were newly fabricated and incorporated into the commercial 4-META/MMA-TBB resin. Release profiles of FGF-2 from the experimental resins were assessed, and the cell proliferation cultured with the eluate was evaluateition, there were no adverse influences on bonding and physical properties, suggesting that the bioactive adhesive resin was acceptable for clinical use.

Operative experience with an appropriate degree of supervised autonomy is critical to resident training. Progressively greater intraoperative entrustment has been associated with gradually higher levels of resident autonomy. This study attempts to identify consistently observed intraoperative behaviors that are linked with higher resident entrustment.

This qualitative study analyzed observational notes recorded by trained raters who provided entrustment scores for 204 surgical cases at Michigan Medicine from 2015 to 2017. Notes were coded in NVivo12. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and patterns within the data.

The analysis generated 144 codes. Codes were clustered into 10 themes. These themes manifested differently in intraoperative behaviors strongly associated with high entrustment versus low entrustment.

This study demonstrates key differences in intraoperative behaviors exhibited by residents and faculty in high and low entrustment interactions. Awareness of behaviors that enhance entrustment can help faculty augment resident learning and enable higher resident operative autonomy.