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We identified 7 studies that met our criteria. In studies of hemodynamically stable patients, the mean difference between arterial and central venous pH and Pco2 was 0.03 units and 4-6.5 mm Hg, respectively. However, in patients with circulatory failure, the difference between central venous and arterial pH/Pco2 was 4-fold greater. We concluded that central VBG parameters of pH and Pco2 are potentially good surrogates for determining arterial pH and Pco2 in a stable patient without severe acid-base disturbances. Furthermore, central VBG can be used as a useful screening tool for arterial hypercapnia. In addition, we derived an adjustment formula for ABG conversion from central VBG (1) arterial pH = venous pH + 0.05 units and (2) arterial Pco2 = venous Pco2 - 5 mm Hg.

Watkins, CM, Storey, A, McGuigan, M, and Gill, ND. Implementation and efficacy of plyometric training Bridging the gap between practice and research. J Strength Cond Res 35(5) 1244-1255, 2021-Plyometric training is an effective method for improving speed and acceleration. However, a gap seems to exist between research recommendations and practitioner's actual programs. Some reports suggest as many as 400 jumps per session, while anecdotally some strength and conditioning coaches are using as few as 15-40 jumps even with elite athletes. Thus, the purposes of this study were to obtain a clearer understanding of the practitioner's perspective on plyometric training strategies as compared to literary recommendations and to compare any trends across competition level or sport categories. An integrative mixed-methods model was used. Globally, 61 strength and conditioning practitioners completed an anonymous online survey, containing 5 sections 1. Sport and coaching background information, 2. Plyometric training fg the gap between practice and theory.

MacLennan, RJ, Mota, JA, Thompson, BJ, and Stock, MS. Effects of strength and conditioning on maximal isometric strength, motor unit behavior, and concentric isokinetic peak torque in middle-school boys. J Strength Cond Res XX(X) 000-000, 2020-It has long been theorized that improvements in muscle strength in young athletes are mediated by motor unit adaptations. The ability to decompose surface electromyographic signals obtained during isometric contractions now allow for such research questions to be answered. We examined changes in isometric and concentric isokinetic strength, as well as vastus lateralis motor unit behavior, after 16 weeks of strength training and conditioning in middle-school aged boys. Nine boys (mean ± SD age = 12 ± 1 years) participated in training. Five boys (age = 13 ± 1 years) served as control subjects. The training subjects performed 90 minutes of high-intensity, multi-joint exercise twice per week. Assessments of unilateral maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force olis motor unit data during 50 and 80% MVIC tests were performed. Strength training and conditioning did not improve MVIC force. Greater training-induced strength increases were observed at faster isokinetic velocities, with a large effect size at 300°·s-1 (d = 0.813). The slopes and y-intercepts of the mean firing rate vs. recruitment threshold relationship and the action potential amplitude vs. recruitment threshold relationship were unaffected by training. Sixteen weeks of middle-school strength and conditioning did not enhance maximal isometric strength or vastus lateralis motor unit control, but improvements were observed during rapid isokinetic muscle actions. Given the lack of training (multi-joint) vs. testing (single-joint) specificity, we propose that motor unit adaptations in youth are task specific.

Haischer, MH, Krzyszkowski, J, Roche, S, and Kipp, K. Impulse-based dynamic strength index considering time-dependent force expression. J Strength Cond Res 35(5) 1177-1181, 2021-The dynamic strength index (DSI) is a useful tool to assess an athlete's capacity to effectively use maximum strength during dynamic tasks. Although DSI is traditionally calculated based on peak forces, the ability to express force over time (i.e., impulse) is a better predictor of dynamic performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between DSI calculated based on peak force (fDSI) and impulse (iDSI). Nineteen female collegiate lacrosse players performed countermovement jumps (CMJs) and isometric midthigh pulls (IMTPs). Peak force and impulse were extracted from CMJ and IMTP force-time data. Countermovement jump impulse was calculated by integrating force over the concentric movement time, whereas IMTP impulse was calculated by integrating force over the CMJ-matched movement time. AG-1024 price Ratios between CMJ andnt a more valid method for assessing an athlete's capacity to effectively use maximum strength during dynamic tasks. Practitioners and researchers may want to consider augmenting current training and research practices with an impulse-based DSI.Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) or vaping use in adolescents has emerged as a public health crisis that impacts the perioperative care of this vulnerable population. E-cigarettes have become the most commonly used tobacco products among youth in the United States. Fruit and mint flavors and additives such as marijuana have enticed children and adolescents. E-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) is a newly identified lung disease linked to vaping. Clinical presentation of EVALI can be varied, but most commonly includes the respiratory system, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and constitutional symptoms. Clinical management of EVALI has consisted of vaping cessation and supportive therapy, including supplemental oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation, glucocorticoids, and empiric antibiotics, until infectious causes are eliminated, and in the most severe cases, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Currently, although there is an insufficient evidence to determine the safety and the efficacy of e-cigarettes for perioperative smoking cessation, EVALI clearly places these patients at an increased risk of perioperative morbidity. Given the relatively recent introduction of e-cigarettes, the long-term impact on adolescent health is unknown. As a result, the paucity of postoperative outcomes in this potentially vulnerable population does not support evidence-based recommendations for the management of these patients. Clinicians should identify "at-risk" individuals during preanesthetic evaluations and adjust the risk stratification accordingly. Our societies encourage continued education of the public and health care providers of the risks associated with vaping and nicotine use and encourage regular preoperative screening and postoperative outcome studies of patients with regard to smoking and vaping use.