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Genetic testing for chromosomes and AZF deletions should be examined in cases of severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia. learn more Genetic counseling should be offered before and after genetic testing.

Genetic testing for chromosomes and AZF deletions should be examined in cases of severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Genetic counseling should be offered before and after genetic testing.

The placenta is an essential organ for the normal development of mammalian fetuses. Most of our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of placental development has come from the analyses of mice, especially histopathological examination of knockout mice. Choriocarcinoma and immortalized cell lines have also been used for basic research on the human placenta. However, these cells are quite different from normal trophoblast cells.

In this review, we first provide an overview of mouse and human placental development with particular focus on the differences in the anatomy, transcription factor networks, and epigenetic characteristics between these species. Next, we discuss pregnancy complications associated with abnormal placentation. Finally, we introduce emerging in vitro models to study the human placenta, including human trophoblast stem (TS) cells, trophoblast and endometrium organoids, and artificial embryos.

The placental structure and development differ greatly between humans and mice. The recent establishment of human TS cells and trophoblast and endometrial organoids enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying human placental development.

These in vitro models will greatly advance our understanding of human placental development and potentially contribute to the elucidation of the causes of infertility and other pregnancy complications.

These in vitro models will greatly advance our understanding of human placental development and potentially contribute to the elucidation of the causes of infertility and other pregnancy complications.We review our progress on 3+1D Glasma simulations to describe the earliest stages of heavy-ion collisions. In our simulations we include nuclei with finite longitudinal extent and describe the collision process as well as the evolution of the strongly interacting gluonic fields in the laboratory frame in 3+1 dimensions using the colored particle-in-cell method. This allows us to compute the 3+1 dimensional Glasma energy-momentum tensor, whose rapidity dependence can be compared to experimental pion multiplicity data from RHIC. An improved scheme cures the numerical Cherenkov instability and paves the way for simulations at higher energies used at LHC.We report catalytic silylation of dinitrogen to tris(trimethylsilyl)amine by a series of trinuclear first row transition metal complexes (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) housed in our tris(β-diketiminate) cyclophane (L 3- ). Yields are expectedly dependent on metal ion type ranging from 14 to 199 equiv NH4+/complex after protonolysis for the Mn to Co congeners, respectively. For the series of complexes, the number of turnovers trend observed is Co > Fe > Cr > Ni > Mn, consistent with prior reports of greater efficacy of Co over Fe in other ligand systems for this reaction.Nitrogen (N2) fixation to produce bio-available ammonia (NH3) is essential to all life but is a challenging transformation to catalyse owing to the chemical inertness of N2. Transition metals can, however, bind N2 and activate it for functionalization. Significant opportunities remain in developing robust and efficient transition metal catalysts for the N2 reduction reaction (N2RR). One opportunity to target in catalyst design concerns the stabilization of transition metal diazenido species (M-NNH) that result from the first N2 functionalization step. Well-characterized M-NNH species remain very rare, likely a consequence of their low N-H bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs). In this essay, we discuss the relationship between the BDFEN-H of a given M-NNH species to the observed overpotential and selectivity for N2RR catalysis with that catalyst system. We note that developing strategies to either increase the N-H BDFEs of M-NNH species, or to avoid M-NNH intermediates altogether, are potential routes to improved N2RR efficiency.A new facet of nucleophilic fulvene epoxidations has been uncovered. link2 6-Arylfulvenes containing an ortho or para hydroxyl group react with basic hydrogen peroxide in an unusual manner; the epoxidation of the fulvene exocyclic double bond is followed by a phenoxide ion initiated epoxide ring opening to form an o-quinone methide (o-QM) intermediate. The resulting cyclopentadienolate undergoes an unusual oxy-anion accelerated [1,5]-sigmatropic o-QM shift. Computational studies reveal that the activation energy for the [1,5]-QM-shift in the cyclopentadienolate intermediate is quite low, signifying the acceleration caused by the oxy-anion group. Placement of a second hydroxyl group in the 6-aryl ring at C5 epoxidation via electron donation to the o-QM carbon; instead, an intramolecular oxa-6-π-electrocyclization of the o-QM intermediate onto the cyclopentadiene is observed.The drimentine family is a class of hybrid isoprenoids derived from actinomycete bacteria. Members of this family display weak antitumor and antibacterial activity. Herein we report our efforts toward the total synthesis of drimentine C using three distinct approaches incorporating palladium-catalyzed cyanoamidation, reductive cross-coupling, and photoredox-catalyzed α-alkylation of an aldehyde as key steps. Our synthetic efforts use a convergent synthesis to assemble the terpenoid and alkaloid portions of drimentine C from readily available l-tryptophan, l-proline, and (+)-sclareolide.The Covid-19 pandemic obliged people around the world to stay home and self-isolate, with a number of negative psychological consequences. This study focuses on the protective role of character strengths in sustaining mental health and self-efficacy during lockdown. Data were collected from 944 Italian respondents (mean age = 37.24 years, SD = 14.50) by means of an online survey investigating character strengths, psychological distress and Covid-19-related self-efficacy one month after lockdown began. Using principal component analysis, four strengths factors were extracted, namely transcendence, interpersonal, openness and restraint. Regression models with second-order factors showed that transcendence strengths had a strong inverse association with psychological distress, and a positive association with self-efficacy. Regression models with single strengths identified hope, zest, prudence, love and forgiveness as the strengths most associated with distress, love and zest as the most related to self-efficacy and zest to general mental health. link3 Openness factor and appreciation of beauty showed an unexpected direct relation with psychological distress. These results provide original evidence of the association of character strengths, and transcendence strengths in particular, with mental health and self-efficacy in a pandemic and are discussed within the field of positive psychology.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) mazEF, a stress-induced toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, has been studied extensively. The MazF toxin is an endoribonuclease that cleaves RNAs at ACA sites. Thereby, under stress, the induced MazF generates a Stress-induced Translation Machinery (STM), composed of MazF processed mRNAs and selective ribosomes that specifically translate the processed mRNAs.

Based on the data from the EcoCyc website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the sequence of all E. coli MG1655 genes were scanned for ACA sites upstream from the initiation codons. Among these sequences, the fuzznuc program of the "European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite" (EMBOSS) was used to find the "ACA" pattern. The distribution of the ACA threonine codon, both in-frame and out-of-frame, was determined by using the HTML Script Program (Supplementary Material).

Here it is reported that for most of the E. coli proteins mediated by stress-induced MazF, the ACA threonine codon in their mRNAs is not in-frame but rather out-of-frame; in these same RNAs, the three synonymous threonine codons, ACG, ACU, and ACC, are in-frame. In contrast, for proteins translated by the canonical translation system, in the majority of mRNAs, the ACA codon is located in-frame.

The described bias in the genetic code is a characteristic of E. coli genes specifying for stress-induced MazF-mediated proteins.

The described bias in the genetic code is a characteristic of E. coli genes specifying for stress-induced MazF-mediated proteins.

Cyanobacteria are excellent model to understand the basic metabolic processes taking place in response to abiotic stress. The present study involves the characterization of a hypothetical protein Alr0765 of Anabaena PCC7120 comprising the CBS-CP12 domain and deciphering its role in abiotic stress tolerance.

Molecular cloning, heterologous expression and protein purification using affinity chromatography were performed to obtain native purified protein Alr0765. The energy sensing property of Alr0765 was inferred from its binding affinity with different ligand molecules as analyzed by FTIR and TNP-ATP binding assay. AAS and real time-PCR were applied to evaluate the iron acquisition property and cyclic voltammetry was employed to check the redox sensitivity of the target protein. Transcript levels under different abiotic stresses, as well as spot assay, CFU count, ROS level and cellular H2O2 level, were used to show the potential role of Alr0765 in abiotic stress tolerance. In-silico analysis of Alr0765 incindings and attested experimental findings in determining the role of Alr0765.

Alr0765 is a novel CBS-CP12 domain protein that maintains cellular energy level and iron homeostasis which provides tolerance against multiple abiotic stresses.

Alr0765 is a novel CBS-CP12 domain protein that maintains cellular energy level and iron homeostasis which provides tolerance against multiple abiotic stresses.

The presence of anthraquinone (Disperse blue 64) and azodyes (Acid yellow 17) in a waterbody are considered among the most dangerous pollutants.

In this study, two different isolated microbes, bacterium and fungus, were individually and as a co-culture applied for the degradation of Disperse Blue 64 (DB 64) and Acid Yellow 17 (AY 17) dyes. The isolates were genetically identified based upon 16S (for bacteria) and ITS/5.8S (for fungus) rRNA genes sequences as Pseudomoans aeruginosa and Aspergillus flavus, respectively.

The fungal/bacterial consortium exhibited a higher percentage of dyes degradation than the individual strains, even at a high concentration of 300 mg/L. Azoreductase could be identified as the main catabolic enzyme and the consortium could induce azoreductase enzyme in the presence of both dyes. However, the specific substrate which achieved the highest azoreductase specific activity was Methyl red (MR) (3.5 U/mg protein). The tentatively proposed metabolites that were detected by HPLC/MS suggested that the reduction process catalyzed the degradation of dyes. The metabolites produced by the action consortium on two dyes were safe on Vicia faba and Triticum vulgaris germination and health of seedlings. Toxicity of the dyes and their degradation products on the plant was different according to the type and chemistry of these compounds as well as the type of irrigated seeds.

We submit that the effective microbial degradation of DB64 and AY17 dyes will lead to safer metabolic products



We submit that the effective microbial degradation of DB64 and AY17 dyes will lead to safer metabolic products.