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The Km value of Pt-sp2 was 0.82 μM, and Pt-sp2 effectively hydrolyzed myofibrillar protein at 37 °C. The increase in concentrations of blood glucose results arise in the proportion of glycated haemoglobin. Therefore, the percentage of glycated haemoglobin in the blood could function as a biomarker for the average glucose level over the past three months and can be used to detect diabetes. The study of glycated haemoglobin tends to be complex as there are about three hundred distinct assay techniques available for evaluating glycated haemoglobin which contributes to some differences in the recorded values from the similar samples. This review outlines distinct analytical methods that have evolved in the recent past for precise recognition of the glycated - proteins. Thermococcus gammatolerans is anaerobic euryarchaeon which grows optimally at 88 °C and its genome encodes a Family B DNA polymerase (Tga PolB). Herein, we cloned the gene of Tga PolB, expressed and purified the gene product, and characterized the enzyme biochemically. The recombinant Tga PolB can efficiently synthesize DNA at high temperature, and retain 93% activity after heated at 95 °C for 1.0 h, suggesting that the enzyme is thermostable. Furthermore, the optimal pH for the enzyme activity was measured to be 7.0-9.0. Tga PolB activity is dependent on a divalent cation, among which magnesium ion is optimal. NaCl at low concentration stimulates the enzyme activity but at high concentration inhibits enzyme activity. Interestingly, Tga PolB is able to efficiently bypass uracil in DNA, which is distinct from other archaeal Family B DNA pols. By contrast, Tga PolB is halted by an AP site in DNA, as observed in other archaeal Family B DNA polymerases. Furthermore, Tga PolB extends the mismatched ends with reduced efficiencies. The enzyme possesses 3'-5' exonuclease activity and this activity is inhibited by dNTPs. The DNA binding assays showed that Tga PolB can efficiently bind to ssDNA and primed DNA, and have a marked preference for primed DNA. Last, Tga PolB can be used in routine PCR. V.Agar has numerous applications in biomedical and biopharmaceutical fields in gel form. However the hard and tough nature of agar films and their vulnerability to microbial attacks prevent their usage in wound dressing applications. In this work, agar - locust bean gum (LBG) and agar - salep films were prepared for the first time to improve its physical, antimicrobial and cell viability properties. LBG and salep incorporated films resulted in higher antimicrobial and cell viability properties than agar films, which are very important in wound dressing applications. Agar - LBG films had higher water vapor permeabilities and were insoluble in water and in phosphate buffer solutions. Salep incorporation resulted in lower water vapor permeability and films were soluble in both media. All films were transparent, allowing good observability. LY-188011 manufacturer With LBG and salep addition, lower tensile strength films were obtained and thicknesses of all films were appropriate for wound dressing applications. Due to their solubility, agar - salep films can be preferred especially for the cases where removal from the wound without damaging the tissue structure is a priority. An isatin functionalized chitosan derived ion-imprinted adsorbent (Cu-CIS) was designed by tailoring Cu(II) ions imprinted cavities within the modified polysaccharide network matrix that are able to capture Cu(II) ions selectively in aqueous solution. The chelating power of chitosan toward the Cu(II) ions was first enhanced via isatin functionalization, which was cross-linked using epichlorohydrin (ECH) after loading the Cu(II) ions. The selective metal ions binding sites are then formed by eluting the coordinated Cu(II) ions using EDTA to finally produce the Cu-CIS selective sorbent. The equilibrium isotherms have been utilized to anticipate the maximum capacity of the Cu-CIS sorbent and compare it with that of the blank non-imprinted sorbent NI-CIS. In addition, the significance of inserting the Cu(II) ions recognition cavities within the adsorbent matrix was pointed out by performing the adsorption in a multi-ionic solution mixture containing Co(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions and the obtained selectivity coefficients in case of Cu-CIS revealed remarkable selectivity potentials toward the Cu(II) ions compared to NI-CIS. Moreover, at the consecutive performance of a Cu-CIS absorbent for five cycles, it was found that it still held 97% of its initial capacity enabling promising applications in both water treatment and Cu (II) ions recycling. V.Double stimuli-responsive functionalized cellulose nanocrystal-poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (CNC-g-PDMAEMA) reinforced poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy valerate) (PHBV) electrospun composite membranes were explored as drug delivery vehicles using tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) as a model drug. It was found that rigid CNC-g-PDMAEMA nanoparticles enhanced thermal, crystallization and hydrophilic properties of PHBV. Moreover, great improvements in fiber diameter uniformity, crystallization ability and maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) could be achieved at 6 wt% CNC-g-PDMAEMA. Furthermore, by introducing stimuli-responsive CNC-g-PDMAEMA nanofillers, intelligent and long-term sustained release behavior of composite membranes could be achieved. The releasing mechanism of composite membranes based on zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyere-Peppas mathematical models was clearly demonstrated, giving effective technical guidance for practical drug delivery systems. The effective utilization of abundant α-chitin resources for materials engineering applications requires methods for controlling the physicochemical properties of α-chitin nanofiber (NF) dispersions. Herein, the relationship between the degree of acetylation (DA) of α-chitin and the physicochemical properties of α-chitin nanofibers (α-ChNFs) was investigated. α-Chitin with different DAs was prepared by varying the deacetylation treatment time. These α-chitin samples were disintegrated into NFs using wet pulverization. The average width of the α-ChNFs decreased with decreasing DA. Furthermore, the transmittance and viscosity of the α-ChNF dispersions increased with decreasing DA. We successfully developed a simple model for estimating the average width of α-ChNFs with different DAs. These results indicate that the DA is an effective parameter for defining and controlling the physicochemical properties of α-ChNFs.