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Basic research on avoidance by Murray Sidman laid the foundation for advances in the classification, conceptualization and treatment of avoidance in psychological disorders. Contemporary avoidance research is explicitly translational and increasingly focused on how competing appetitive and aversive contingencies influence avoidance. In this laboratory investigation, we examined the effects of escalating social-evaluative threat and threat of social aggression on avoidance of social interactions. During social-defeat learning, 38 adults learned to associate 9 virtual peers with an increasing probability of receiving negative evaluations. Additionally, 1 virtual peer was associated with positive evaluations. Next, in an approach-avoidance task with social-evaluative threat, 1 peer associated with negative evaluations was presented alongside the peer associated with positive evaluations. Approaching peers produced a positive or a probabilistic negative evaluation, while avoiding peers prevented a negative evaluation (and forfeited a positive evaluation). In an approach-avoidance task with social aggression, virtual peers gave and took money away from participants. Escalating social-evaluative threat and aggression increased avoidance, ratings of feeling threatened and threat expectancy and decreased ratings of peer favorableness. These findings underscore the potential of coupling social defeat and approach-avoidance paradigms for translational research on the neurobehavioral mechanisms of social approach-avoidance decision-making and anxiety.

Delayed walking is common in intellectual disability (ID) but may be less common when ID occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies examining this were limited by reliance on clinical samples and exclusion of children with severe motor deficits.

To examine in a population-based sample if age of walking is differentially related to intellectual ability in children with ASD versus other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD).

Participants were from the nested Autism Birth Cohort Study of the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Cox proportional hazards regression assessed if diagnosis (ASD n=212 vs. NDD n=354), continuous nonverbal IQ, and their interaction, were associated with continuous age of walking.

The relationship between nonverbal IQ and age of walking was stronger for NDD than for ASD (Group×nonverbal IQ interaction, χ

=13.93, p=.0002). This interaction was characterized by a 21% decrease in the likelihood of walking onset at any given time during the observation period per 10-point decrease in nonverbal IQ (hazard ratio=0.79, 95% CI 0.78-0.85) in the NDD group compared to 8% (hazard ratio=0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.98) in the ASD group.

The finding that age of walking is less strongly related to low intellectual ability in children with ASD than in children without other NDDs supports the hypothesis that ID in ASD may result from heterogeneous developmental pathways. Late walking may be a useful stratification variable in etiological research focused on ASD and other NDDs.

The finding that age of walking is less strongly related to low intellectual ability in children with ASD than in children without other NDDs supports the hypothesis that ID in ASD may result from heterogeneous developmental pathways. Late walking may be a useful stratification variable in etiological research focused on ASD and other NDDs.Thrombocytopenia has been described in most of patients with acute and chronic liver failure. Decreased platelet production and decreased half-life of platelets might be a consequence of low levels of TPO in these patients. Platelet production is tightly regulated to avoid bleeding complications after vessel injury and can be enhanced under elevated platelet destruction as observed in liver disease. Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the primary regulator of platelet biogenesis and supports proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes. Recent work provided evidence for the control of TPO mRNA expression in liver and bone marrow by scanning circulating platelets. The Ashwell-Morell receptor (AMR) was identified to bind desialylated platelets to regulate hepatic thrombopoietin (TPO) production via JAK2-STAT3 activation. RBPJ Inhibitor-1 research buy 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PHx) was performed in mice. Platelet activation and clearance by AMR/JAK2/STAT3 signaling and TPO production was analyzed at different time points after PHx. Here, we demonstrate that PHx in mice led to thrombocytopenia and platelet activation defects leading to bleeding complications but unaltered arterial thrombosis in these mice. Platelet counts were rapidly restored via up-regulation and crosstalk of the AMR and the IL-6 receptor to induce JAK2-STAT3-TPO activation in the liver accompanied by an increased number of megakaryocytes in spleen and bone marrow before liver was completely regenerated. Conclusion The AMR/IL-6R-STAT3-TPO signaling pathway is an acute phase response to liver injury to reconstitute hemostasis. Bleeding complications were due to thrombocytopenia and platelet defects induced by elevated PGI2 , NO and bile acid plasma levels early after PHx that might be also causative for the high mortality in patients with liver disease.

Proton therapy could benefit from noninvasively gaining tumor microstructure information, at both planning and monitoring stages. The anatomical location of brain tumors, such as meningiomas, often hinders the recovery of such information from histopathology, and conventional noninvasive imaging biomarkers, like the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI), are nonspecific. The aim of this study was to retrieve discriminative microstructural markers from conventional ADC for meningiomas treated with proton therapy. These markers were employed for tumor grading and tumor response assessment.

DW-MRIs from patients affected by meningioma and enrolled in proton therapy were collected before (n=35) and 3 months after (n=25) treatment. For the latter group, the risk of an adverse outcome was inferred by their clinical history. Using Monte Carlo methods, DW-MRI signals were simulated from packings of synthetic cells built with well-defined geometrical and diffusion properties. Patients' ADC was modeled as a weighted sum of selected simulated signals.