Pikedillard8872

The visual system constructs perceptions based on ambiguous information. For motion perception, the correspondence problem arises, i.e., the question of which object went where. We asked at which level of processing correspondence is solved - lower levels based on information that is directly available in the retinal input or higher levels based on information that has been abstracted beyond the input directly available at the retina? We used a Ponzo-like illusion to manipulate the perceived size and separations of elements in an ambiguous apparent motion display. Specifically, we presented Ternus displays - for which the type of motion that is perceived depends on how correspondence is resolved - at apparently different distances from the viewer using pictorial depth cues. this website We found that the perception of motion depended on the apparent depth of the displays, indicating that correspondence processes utilize information that is produced at higher-level processes.The research climate plays a key role in fostering integrity in research. However, little is known about what constitutes a responsible research climate. We investigated academic researchers' perceptions on this through focus group interviews. We recruited researchers from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the Amsterdam University Medical Center to participate in focus group discussions that consisted of researchers from similar academic ranks and disciplinary fields. We asked participants to reflect on the characteristics of a responsible research climate, the barriers they perceived and which interventions they thought fruitful to improve the research climate. Discussions were recorded and transcribed at verbatim. We used inductive content analysis to analyse the focus group transcripts. We conducted 12 focus groups with 61 researchers in total. We identified fair evaluation, openness, sufficient time, integrity, trust and freedom to be mentioned as important characteristics of a responsible research climate. Main perceived barriers were lack of support, unfair evaluation policies, normalization of overwork and insufficient supervision of early career researchers. Possible interventions suggested by the participants centered around improving support, discussing expectations and improving the quality of supervision. Some of the elements of a responsible research climate identified by participants are reflected in national and international codes of conduct, such as trust and openness. Although it may seem hard to change the research climate, we believe that the realisation that the research climate is suboptimal should provide the impetus for change informed by researchers' experiences and opinions.Research misconduct (RM) remains an important problem in health research despite decades of local, national, regional, and international efforts to eliminate it. The ultimate goal of every health research project, irrespective of setting, is to produce trustworthy findings to address local as well as global health issues. To be able to lead or participate meaningfully in international research collaborations, individual and institutional capacities for research integrity (RI) are paramount. Accordingly, this paper concerns itself not only with individuals' research skills but also with institutional and national policies and governance. Such policies and governance provide an ethical scaffold for the production of knowledge and structure incentives. This paper's operational definition of research therefore draws from Institute of Medicine's articulation of health research as an inquiry that aims to produce knowledge about the structure, processes, or effects of personal health services; and from an existing health systems framework. The paper reviews the research regulatory environment and the ethics apparatus in Ghana, and describes a project jointly undertaken by Ghanaian researchers in collaboration with New York University to assess the perceived adequacy of current institutional practices, opportunities, and incentives for promoting RI.

Unmasking the residual cardiovascular risk is a major research challenge in the attempt to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Mounting evidence suggests that a high circulating level of trimethylamine N-oxide is a new potential CVD risk factor. We performed a systematic review of the published studies to clarify the association between circulating high levels of TMAO and cardiovascular events.

Studies evaluating the association between TMAO and CVD events were searched by electronic databases up to December 2018. Pooled results were expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% pertinent confidence interval (CI).

Three studies for a total of 923 patients at high/very high CVD risk were included in our analysis. Overall, a high TMAO level was associated with both major adverse cardiovascular events (RR = 2.05; 95% CI 1.61-2.61) and all-cause mortality (RR = 3.42; 95% CI 2.27-5.15).

Our findings support a role of high TMAO levels in predicting CVD events. High levels of TMAO may be a new CVD risk factor, potentially useful to better plan personalized CVD prevention strategies.

Our findings support a role of high TMAO levels in predicting CVD events. High levels of TMAO may be a new CVD risk factor, potentially useful to better plan personalized CVD prevention strategies.The objective of the present study was to enhance ocular antifungal activity of fluconazole (FCZ) in treatment of keratomycosis through incorporation into cubosomal nanoparticles. FCZ-loaded cubosomal dispersions were prepared by emulsification method according to 23 full factorial design. Design-Expert® software was used to study the effects of different formulation factors on properties of FCZ-loaded cubosomal dispersions and select the optimal formulation. Eight FCZ-loaded cubosomal dispersions were prepared and were in vitro and in vivo evaluated. In vitro, the results revealed that the optimum formula exhibited a mean particle size of 48.17 ± 0.65 nm and entrapped 85.70 ± 2.56% of FCZ. The ex vivo permeation study confirmed a two-fold enhancement in FCZ permeation through rabbit cornea compared to aqueous FCZ solution. Furthermore, in vivo ocular tolerance and histopathological studies proved the efficacy and safety FCZ-loaded cubosomal dispersion in treatment of induced keratomycosis in rats compared to aqueous FCZ solution after topical ocular application.