Philipsenastrup5033

F. equiseti was previously reported causing fruit rot of watermelon in Georgia (Li and Ji 2015) and China (Li et al. 2018). This pathogen could cause serious damage to established rockmelon as it can spread rapidly in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a member of the Fusarium incarnatum-F.equiseti species complex causing leaf spot on Cucumis melo in Malaysia.The long-term dynamics of fungicide resistance of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae was monitored by examining the reaction of the fungal field isolates, collected over a period of 26 years, to the active ingredients of commercially relevant fungicides. MCC950 inhibitor The in vitro sensitivity of all isolates was measured against Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI), Melanin biosynthesis inhibitors (MBI) and Sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, namely azoxystrobin (QoI), tricyclazole (MBI), tebuconazole (DMI), and trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole (QoI + DMI). Over the 26-year collection period, a gradual rise in the EC50 estimates for mycelial growth sensitivity was observed for all fungicides, but most strikingly for azoxystrobin. A rise in conidial germination and appressorium formation was also noted, most markedly for azoxystrobin. Consistently, the earlier isolates were much more sensitive to the active ingredients than the more contemporary isolates. The sequencing of the amplified cyt b fragment distinguished two haplotypes, H1 and H2. Haplotype H1 (six isolates) contained the G to C transversion at codon 143 (resulting in change G143A), linked to the resistant phenotype QoI-R. Haplotype H2 (40 isolates), gathered the isolates sensitive to QoI. This work documents the gradual rise in the frequency of fungicide resistant isolates in Pyricularia oryzae rice populations on a long-term basis.Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the most important cash crops in China. In June 2019, tobacco (cv. Yunyan 87) samples with gray spots surrounded by yellowish ring were collected in Zhengan (107.43° N, 28.55° E), Guizhou province, China. Pieces of leaf tissue (3 mm × 3 mm) that were cut at the junction of diseased and healthy portion were surface sterilized and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). After incubation at 25°C in the dark for 7 days, an isolate (T22) was chosen and used for pathogen identification. The colonies had aerial hyphae, initially white and then turned grey, and produced a soluble red pigmen on PDA. The colonies were floccose aerial mycelia, dark grey, with pale brown hyphae, and produced conidia on oatmeal agar. Conidia were ovoid or ampulliform, black, smooth. Based on morphological characteristics, isolate T22 was identified as Nigrospora aurantiaca (Wang et al. 2017). For molecular identification, the large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal RNA, controls. N. aurantiaca was re-isolated from the diseased leaves but not from the controls. To our best of knowledge, this is the first report of N. aurantiaca causing leaf spot on tobacco in China. N. aurantiaca has been reported to cause leaf spot on Castanea mollissima in China (Luo et al. 2020). Due to potential serious damage caused by the disease in this region, proper disease management practices should be developed and implemented.Bedding plants are a major group of ornamentals produced in greenhouses or nurseries worldwide and planted outdoors. Their economic importance has increased continuously in the last four decades in both the United States and the European Union. These plants are subject to a broad number of diseases that can negatively impact their production and cultivation. The initial steps of production strongly influence the health status of these plants and, consequently, their aesthetic appeal, which is a strong requisite for consumers. Seeds, cuttings, and other forms of propagative material, along with production systems and growing media, can influence the phytosanitary status of the final product. In this article, case studies of soilborne and foliar diseases are presented together with preventive measures to achieve innovative disease management strategies. Quarantine restrictions and eradication measures are also discussed, in consideration of the high likelihood for ornamental plants to be long-distance vectors of new pathogens and pests.The mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sewage sludge are the major risks to utilize for agricultural application. In this study, the chemical speciation of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Zn in the Lanzhou municipal sewage sludge were investigated with the addition of a natural attapulgite. The influences of attapulgite amendment in sewage sludge on heavy metals stabilization were evaluated by investigating the leaching procedure and sequential chemical extraction experiments. The sequential extraction procedure described by European Community Bureau of Reference was used in sludge to determine the distribution of heavy metal species. The addition of attapulgite accelerated more reducible speciation of all metals transformed into residual speciation evidently. It reduced the leaching content of metals significantly and decreased the ecotoxicity accounted for the germination index values climbed rapidly with increased attapulgite addition.Implications This research developed a method to stabilize heavy metals in municipal sewage sludge with clay. The activated attapulgite improved the treatment of sewage sludge containing heavy metals, and reduced the environmental risk of heavy metals.In this article we describe cultural re-centering, dissemination, and implementation activities in partnership between an American Indian reservation community and a university in the Southwest United States. We offer examples of cultural adaptation and implementation of evidence-based treatments (e.g., Motivational Interviewing, Community Reinforcement Approach and the Community Reinforcement and Family Training) using the Interactive Systems Framework. Facilitators and barriers are described within each study including recruitment strategies, training, and sustainability of counselors in the community. Through this Tribal-university partnership, we offer insight on the cultural adaptation and implementation process that will be translatable and clinically meaningful to other rural and reservation communities.