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he first adjunctive therapy to either of the most prescribed first-line ASMs, LEV or LTG, and as a later adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant patients.

ESL was effective and well tolerated both as the first adjunctive therapy to either of the most prescribed first-line ASMs, LEV or LTG, and as a later adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant patients.

In a previous proof of concept study, selective posterior callosotomy achieved similar degree of control of drop attacks as total callosotomy, while sparing prefrontal interconnectivity. The present study aims to confirm this finding in a larger cohort and to provide anatomical and prognostic data.

Fifty-one patients with refractory drop attacks had selective posterior callosotomy and prospective follow up for a mean of 6.4 years. Twenty-seven patients had post-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 18 had tractography (DTI) of remaining callosal fibers. Pre and postoperative falls were quantified and correlated with demographic, clinical and imaging data.

Mean monthly frequency of drop attacks had a 95 % reduction, from 297 before to 16 after the procedure. Forty- one patients (80 %) had either complete or greater than 90 % control of the epileptic falls. Age and duration of epilepsy at surgery correlated with outcome (p values, respectively, 0.042 and 0.005). Mean index of callosal section alosterior section contemplating the splenium, isthmus and posterior half of the body (posterior midbody) seems sufficient to achieve complete or almost complete control of drop attacks.Red mud was a highly alkaline hazardous waste, and their resource utilization was a research hotspot. In this study, influencing mechanisms of red mud based passivator on the transformation of Cd fraction in acidic Cd-polluted soil, photosynthetic property, and Cd accumulation in edible amaranth were investigated based on the evaluation of Cd adsorption capacity, root metabolic response, and soil aggregate distribution. Results showed that red mud exhibited good Cd adsorption capacities at about 35 °C and pH 9 in an aqueous solution, and the adsorption behavior of red mud on Cd in rhizosphere soil solution was considered to have some similarity. In the soil-pot trial, red mud application significantly facilitated edible amaranth growth by enhancing the maximum photochemical efficiency and light energy absorption by per unit leaf area by activating more reaction centers. The main mechanisms of rhizosphere soil Cd immobilisation by red mud application included i) the reduction of mobilized Cd caused by the increasing negative surface charge of soil and precipitation of Cd hydroxides and carbonates at high pH; ii) the increase of organics-Cd complexes caused by the increasing -OH and -COOH amounts adsorbed on the surface of rhizosphere soil after red mud application; and iii) the decrease of available Cd content in soil aggregates caused by the increasing organic matters after red mud application. Coelenterazine datasheet This study would provide the basis for the safe utilization of red mud remediating acidic Cd-polluted soil.Soil contaminated with toxic heavy metals (THMs) was stabilized by adding a combination of waste resources in 7.0 wt%, including coal-mine drainage sludge, waste cow bone, and steelmaking slag, in the ratio of 53560. Subsequently, corn and peanut were cultivated in treated soil to investigate the effects of the waste resources on THM mobility in soil and translocation to plants. Sequential extraction procedures (SEP) was used to analyze mobile phase THMs which could be accumulated in the plants. SEP shows that mobile Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and As were reduced by 8.48%, 29.22%, 18.85%, 21.66%, 4.58%, 62.78%, and 20.01%, respectively. The bioaccumulation of THMs was clearly hindered by stabilization; however, the increment in the amount of immobile-phase THMs and change in the amount of translocated THMs was not proportional. The corn grains grown above the soil surface were compared with the peanut grains grown beneath the soil surface, and the results indicating that the efficiency of stabilization on THM translocation may not depend on the contact of grain to soil but the nature of plant. Interestingly, the results of bioaccumulation with and without stabilization showed that the movement of some THMs inside the plants was affected by stabilization.Biofertilizer can improve soil quality, especially the microbiome composition, which potentially affect soil nitrogen (N) cycling. However, little is known about the responses of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and ammonia (NH3) volatilization from biochar-amended paddy soil to the biofertilizer application. Therefore, we conducted a soil column experiment using four 240 kg N ha-1 (equivalent to 1.7 g N pot-1) treatments consisting of biofertilizer (3 t ha-1, equivalent to 21.2 g pot-1), biochar (7.5 t ha-1, equivalent to 63.6 g pot-1), and a mixture of biofertilizer and biochar at the same rate and a control (CK). The results showed that the N2O emissions and NH3 volatilizations were equivalent to 0.15-0.28% and 18.0-31.5% of rice seasonal N applied to the four treatments, respectively. Two treatments with biofertilizer and biochar individual amendment significantly increased (P less then 0.05) the N2O emissions to same degree by 30.2%, while co-application of biochar and biofertilizer further increased the Neve the goals of environment protection and food security.Magnetic biochars were prepared by chemical co-precipitation of Fe3+/Fe2+ onto rice straw (M-RSB) and sewage sludge (M-SSB), followed by pyrolysis treatment, which was also used to prepare the corresponding nonmagnetic biochars (RSB and SSB). The comparison of adsorption characteristics between magnetic and nonmagnetic biochars was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, and initial Cd2+ concentration. The adsorption of nonmagnetic biochars was better described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption of RSB and SSB was better described by Langmuir and Freundlich models, respectively. Magnetization of the biochars did not change the applicability of their respective adsorption models, but reduced their adsorption capabilities. The maximum capacities were 42.48 and 4.64 mg/g for M-RSB and M-SSB, respectively, underperforming their nonmagnetic counterparts of 58.65 and 7.22 mg/g for RSB and SSB. Such a reduction was fundamentally caused by the decreases in the importance of cation-exchange and Cπ-coordination after magnetization, but the Fe-oxides contributed to the precipitation-dependent adsorption capacity for Cd2+ on magnetic biochars.