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mune states and the development and severity of disease as well as the impact on the selection of immunotherapy strategies are discussed in our review.

Rhabdomyolysis (RM) has been associated with many viral infectious diseases, and associated with poor outcomes. A-769662 solubility dmso We aim to evaluate the clinical features and outcomes of RM in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

This was a single-center, retrospective, cohort study of 1,014 consecutive hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 at the Huoshenshan Hospital in Wuhan, China, between February 17 and April 12, 2020.

The overall incidence of RM was 2.2%. Compared with patients without RM, those with RM tended to have a higher risk of deterioration. Patients with RM also constituted a greater percentage of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (90.9% vs. 5.3%, P < 0.001) and a greater percentage of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (86.4% vs. 2.7% P < 0.001). Moreover, patients with RM had laboratory test abnormalities, including the presence of markers of inflammation, activation of coagulation, and kidney injury. Patients with RM also had a higher risk of in-hospital death (P < 0.001). Cox's proportional hazard regression model analysis confirmed that RM indicators, including peak creatine kinase levels > 1,000 IU/L (HR = 6.46, 95% CI 3.02-13.86) and peak serum myoglobin concentrations > 1,000 ng/mL (HR = 9.85, 95% CI 5.04-19.28), were independent risk factors for in-hospital death. Additionally, patients with COVID-19 that developed RM tended to have delayed viral clearance.

RM might be an important contributing factor to adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The early detection and effective intervention of RM may help reduce mortality among COVID-19 patients.

RM might be an important contributing factor to adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The early detection and effective intervention of RM may help reduce mortality among COVID-19 patients.

Splanchnic vasodilation by inodilators is an argument for their use in critical cardiac dysfunction. To isolate peripheral vasoactivity from inotropy, such drugs were investigated, and contrasted to vasopressors, in a fixed low cardiac output (CO) model resembling acute cardiac dysfunction effects on the gastrointestinal tract. We hypothesized that inodilators would vasodilate and preserve the aerobic metabolism in the splanchnic circulation in low CO.

In anesthetized pigs, CO was lowered to 60% of baseline by partial inferior caval vein balloon inflation. The animals were randomized to placebo (n = 8), levosimendan (24 μg kg-1 bolus, 0.2 μg kg-1 min-1, n = 7), milrinone (50 μg kg-1 bolus, 0.5 μg kg-1 min-1, n = 7), vasopressin (0.001, 0.002 and 0.006 U kg-1 min-1, 1 h each, n = 7) or norepinephrine (0.04, 0.12, and 0.36 μg kg-1 min-1, 1 h each, n = 7). Hemodynamic variables including mesenteric blood flow were collected. Systemic, mixed-venous, mesenteric-venous, and intraperitoneal metabolites were analyzed.

Cardiac output was stable at 60% in all groups, which resulted in systemic hypotension, low superior mesenteric artery blood flow, lactic acidosis, and increased intraperitoneal concentrations of lactate. Levosimendan and milrinone did not change any circulatory variables, but levosimendan increased blood lactate concentrations. Vasopressin and norepinephrine increased systemic and mesenteric vascular resistances at the highest dose. Vasopressin increased mesenteric resistance more than systemic, and the intraperitoneal lactate concentration and lactate/pyruvate ratio.

Splanchnic vasodilation by levosimendan and milrinone may be negligible in low CO, thus rejecting the hypothesis. High-dose vasopressors may have side effects in the splanchnic circulation.

Splanchnic vasodilation by levosimendan and milrinone may be negligible in low CO, thus rejecting the hypothesis. High-dose vasopressors may have side effects in the splanchnic circulation.Supplemental Digital Content,http//links.lww.com/MAO/B68.

PubMed is the world's largest online collection of biomedical literature citations. A PubMed search (October 11, 2019) using the medical subject heading terms "history" and "mastoidectomy" was conducted. The heading "best matches" listed as first article "A brief history of mastoidectomy," a very relevant free full text. The aim of this study is to validate or not the relevance attributed to this study as the first article listed in best matches.

All the references of the article mentioned before 1860 were checked, further completed with other original sources, and studied again, with particular attention to their extracted quotes.

Surprisingly, this article contains many inaccuracies, notably concerning Galen, Lucas van Leyden, Paré, Riolan the Younger, Justus von Berger, Jasser, Dezeimeris, Wilde and Toynbee. This was most certainly related to blind trust of some secondary references.

Never trust secondary references. This article also raises questions on the validity and the relevance of the best matches algorithm in PubMed.

Never trust secondary references. This article also raises questions on the validity and the relevance of the best matches algorithm in PubMed.

Assess inner ear radiation dose magnitude as it relates to fundal cap length and hearing outcomes in the radiosurgical treatment of vestibular schwannoma.

Retrospective case series.

Tertiary neurotology referral center.

Patients treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma between March 2007 and March 2017 were considered for this study. Exclusion criteria included pretreatment pure-tone average (PTA) >90 dB, neurofibromatosis type II, history of previous surgical resection, and follow-up less than 1 year.

(s) Hearing function was assessed by maintenance of class A/B hearing level and maintenance of baseline hearing (≤20 dB change in PTA following Gamma Knife radiosurgery).

Lower radiation doses delivered to the inner ear were associated with longer fundal cap lengths mean cochlear dose (r = -0.130; p = 0.184), mean labyrinth dose (r = -0.406; p < 0.001), max cochlear dose (r = -0.326; p = 0.001), and max labyrinth dose (r = -0.360; p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank testing revealed that patients with a mean labyrinth dose < 3 Gy achieved higher rates of preserving baseline hearing (≤20 dB change in PTA) following radiosurgery, compared to patients with a mean labyrinth dose ≥3 Gy (p < 0.