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The trough serum concentration range of 10 to 20mg.L-1 was considered therapeutic. RESULTS All three patients had at least one infection by S. epidermidis, being one patient exhibit vancomycin-resistant S. epidermidis infection. All patients had stoppages in the vancomycin treatment, and the minimal inhibitory concentration was performed for only one patient. CONCLUSION This study showed the minimal inhibitory concentration clinical value in the treatment efficacy due to the necessity to reach a specific range of trough serum concentrations, which is necessary even if the antibiotic blood concentration is in the reference range, to effectively deal with the infection. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.The aim of the present work is to review the potential beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with bioactive egg protein hydrolysates or peptides on cardiometabolic changes associated with oxidative stress. The development of nutritionally improved food products designed to address specific health concerns is of particular interest because many bioactive food compounds can be potentially useful in various physiological functions such as reducing oxidative stress. The results presented suggest that egg hydrolysates or derived peptides could be included in the diet to prevent and/or reduce some cardiometabolic complications associated with oxidative stress related diseases. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Ischemic heart disease is a predominant cause of death worldwide. The loss or death of cardiomyocytes due to restricted blood flow often results in a cardiac injury. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a939572.html These injured cardiomyocytes are replaced by myofibroblasts that preserve structural integrity. However, the depleted cardiomyocytes lead to cardiac dysfunction such as pathological cardiac dilation, reduced cardiac contraction and fibrosis. Repair and regeneration of myocardium are the best possible therapy for the end-stage heart failure patients because the current therapies that can help restore the lost cardiomyocytes are limited to heart transplantation only. Emerging interests to directly reprogram a mammalian heart with minimal regenerative capacity holds a promising future in the field of cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Since heart muscles have no alternative replacements like heart valves or blood vessels, repair and regeneration become two crucial 'R's in the field of cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Despite various strategies to reprogram with diverse factors like small molecules, genetic and epigenetic regulators for cardiac regeneration there are limitations such as low efficacy, immunogenic problems, an unsafe delivery system that pose a daunting challenge in human trial translations. Hence there is a need for a holistic nanoscale approach for safe delivery with better microenvironment to mimic extracellular matrix to dictate the fate of a cell effectively and efficiently. In this review, we have discussed the current state-of-the-art techniques, challenges of direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to cardiac muscle and prospects of biomaterials in miRNA delivery and cardiac regeneration. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the hormone actions and receptors expressed in the female pelvic floor muscles, relevant for understanding the pelvic floor disorders. METHODS We performed a literature review focused on the expression of hormone receptors mainly in the pelvic floor muscles of women and female rats and rabbits. RESULTS The impairment of the pelvic floor muscles can lead to the onset of pelvic floor dysfunctions, including stress urinary incontinence in women. Hormone milieu is associated with the structure and function alterations of pelvic floor muscles, a notion supported by the fact that these muscles express different hormone receptors. Nuclear receptors, such as steroid receptors, are up till now the most investigated. The present review accounts for the limited studies conducted to elucidate the expression of hormone receptors in pelvic floor muscles in females. CONCLUSION Hormone receptor expression is the cornerstone in some hormone-based therapies, which require further detailed studies on the distribution of receptors in particular pelvic floor muscles, as well as their association with muscle effectors, involved in the alterations relevant for understanding pelvic floor disorders. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Background Tissue filler injection is popular for tissue augmentation, but it is still not widely used for depressed scar correction because of the limitations of the existed materials.Objective This study was designed to observe the effects of a tissue-engineering filler derived from autologous skin and hairs for correction of moderate-severe depressed scars.Patients and methods Totally 40 volunteers with moderate-severe depressed scars were enrolled in. Keratin gel and fibroblast derived from autologous hairs and a small piece of skin were mixed with autoserum and then injected into the dermis of the deformities. The whole procedure for injection was filling and leveling up the scars by 10% after adequate subcision and repeating the treatment every other 3 weeks for total 9 weeks. Clinical features at different time points of the scars were collected and assessed.Results Thirty-six patients followed the protocol completely, receiving at least 50% improvement in depth and size of scars (significant improvement) 1 year after the treatment, with 88.9% of them had '75% improvement or more improvement' (excellent improvement). No severe complications were reported.Conclusion Autologous keratin and fibroblast as filler is an effective option for moderate-severe depressed scars correction with long-term efficacy and high satisfactory.Design in the chemical industry increasingly aims not only at economic but also at environmental targets. Environmental targets are usually best quantified using the standardized, holistic method of life cycle assessment (LCA). The resulting life cycle perspective poses a major challenge to chemical engineering design because the design scope is expanded to include process, product, and supply chain. Here, we first provide a brief tutorial highlighting key elements of LCA. Methods to fill data gaps in LCA are discussed, as capturing the full life cycle is data intensive. On this basis, we review recent methods for integrating LCA into the design of chemical processes, products, and supply chains. Whereas adding LCA as a posteriori tool for decision support in design can be regarded as established, the integration of LCA into the design process is an active field of research. We present recent advances and derive future challenges for LCA-based design. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 11 is June 8, 2020.