Pacebraun2399

Highly sensitive and rapid methods for the Ochratoxin A (OTA) detection as a main class of Ochratoxins (OT) in various food samples is significant. In the present review, novel OTA detection techniques based on electrochemical and conventional methods have been extensively explained, and also compared with each other in food samples. We classified the various electrochemical based techniques of OTA determination creatively into Impedimetric, Voltammetric, Amperometric and Electrochemiluminescence assays and their efficient comparison with conventional, and clinical methods including Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS), and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has been performed comprehensively. Moreover, structure, characteristics, and different types of OT and OTA are explained as extensively as possible. A summary of the current limitations and future challenges in OTA analysis are described, which efficiently provide a pathway for further developments and applications.Food safety problems attributed to foodborne pathogenic bacteria seriously endanger human health and cause substantial economic losses. Novel assays for rapid and sensitive identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria are highly desired. In this study, a multicolor sensing system has been established for simultaneous determination of four foodborne bacteria by exploiting oxidase mimicking activity of aptamer-functionalized manganese dioxide-coated ferriferrous oxide (apt-Fe3O4/MnO2) nanocomposites and oxTMB etching of gold nanorods (AuNRs). Apt-Fe3O4/MnO2 nanocomposites were used as capture probes to recognize and capture specific bacteria. The captured bacteria blocked the catalytic sites of the magnetic conjugate, which inhibited the catalyzation of oxTMB and further reduced the etching of AuNRs. Consequently, the longitudinal shift of AuNRs decreased linearly with the increase of the concentration of bacteria ranging from 10 to 106 CFU mL-1. Instrumental detection limits for S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157H7 and V. parahaemolyticus reached down to 1.3 CFU mL-1, 1.2 CFU mL-1, 1.3 CFU mL-1 and 1.4 CFU mL-1, respectively. And their visual detection limit was as low as 10 CFU mL-1. The whole detection process only needs 40 min, suggesting that this method is promising in on-site detection of bacteria.Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a worldwide contaminating mycotoxin, can cause global food issue. It has been reported that FB1 is related to chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology. However, the study of FB1-induced nephrotoxicity in vitro is very limited and the mechanism is unknown. Human renal tubule epithelial (HK-2) cells were used in this study. The results showed that FB1 exposure could decrease cell viability, induce cell apoptosis and up-regulate the expression of Kim-1, collagen I, α-SMA and TGF-β1. In addition, autophagy was activated after FB1 exposure, including the conversion of LC3 and up-regulation of ATGs. Furthermore, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA could block FB1-induced abnormalities. And antioxidant enzymes (Gpx1 and Gpx4) were obviously down-regulated and intracellular ROS levels displayed an ascent trend as FB1 exposure concentrations increased. Employing of antioxidant NAC could suppress FB1-induced nephrotoxicity and autophagy. FB1 inhibited the phosphorylation of p70 S6k, a downstream protein of mTORC1. Also, oxidative stress, autophagy and phosphorylation of p70 S6k induced by FB1 was inhibited by MHY1485, an activator of mTOR. But the phosphorylation of AKT, a downstream protein of mTORC2 showed no change with or without MHY1485. Taken together, FB1 induced nephrotoxicity via autophagy mediated by mTORC1 instead of mTORC2 in HK-2 cells.

Surveillance for healthcare-associated infections such as healthcare-associated urinary tract infections (HA-UTI) is important for directing resources and evaluating interventions. However, traditional surveillance methods are resource-intensive and subject to bias.

To develop and validate a fully automated surveillance algorithm for HA-UTI using electronic health record (EHR) data.

Five algorithms were developed using EHR data from 2979 admissions at Karolinska University Hospital from 2010 to 2011 (1) positive urine culture (UCx); (2) positive UCx+ UTI codes (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10

revision); (3) positive UCx+ UTI-specific antibiotics; (4) positive UCx+ fever and/or UTI symptoms; (5) algorithm 4 with negation for fever without UTI symptoms. Natural language processing (NLP) was used for processing free-text medical notes. The algorithms were validated in 1258 potential UTI episodes from January to March 2012 and results extrapolated to alicient.

A fully automated surveillance algorithm based on NLP to find UTI symptoms in free-text had acceptable performance to detect HA-UTI compared to manual record review. Algorithms based on administrative and microbiology data only were not sufficient.In vertebrates, muscle activity is dependent on acetylcholine (ACh) released from neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and changes in cholinergic neurotransmission are linked to a variety of neuromuscular diseases, including congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS). The storage and release of ACh depends on the activity of the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter (VAChT), a rate-limiting step for cholinergic neurotransmission whose loss of function mutations was shown to cause human congenital myasthenia. GSK3 inhibitor However, we know much less about increased VAChT activity, due to copy number variations, for example. Therefore, here we investigated the impact of increased VAChT expression and consequently ACh levels at the synaptic cleft of the diaphragm NMJs. We analyzed structure and function of nerve and muscles from a mouse model of cholinergic hyperfunction (ChAT-ChR2-EYFP) with increased expression of VAChT. Our results showed a significant increase of ACh released under evoked stimuli. However, we observed deleterious changes in synaptic vesicles cycle (impaired endocytosis and decrease in vesicles number), together with structural alterations of NMJs. Interestingly, ultrastructure analyses showed that synaptic vesicles from ChAT-ChR2-EYFP mice NMJs were larger, which might be related to increased ACh load. We also observed that these larger synaptic vesicles were less rounded in comparison with control. Finally, we showed that ChAT-ChR2-EYFP mice NMJs have compromised safety factor, possible due to the structural alterations we described. These findings reveal that physiological cholinergic activity is important to maintain the structure and function of the neuromuscular system and help to understand some of the neuromuscular adverse effects experienced by chronically increased NMJ neurotransmission, such as individuals treated with cholinesterase inhibitors.