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One-third of adults in the United States who use tobacco regularly use two or more types of tobacco products. As the use of e-cigarettes and other noncombusted tobacco products increases-making multiple tobacco product (MTP) use increasingly common-it is essential to evaluate the complex factors that affect product use.

In this update to our 2019 conceptual framework, we review and evaluate recent literature and expand the model to include ways in which MTP use may be affected by market factors such as the introduction of new products and socioenvironmental factors like marketing and advertising.

MTP use patterns are complex, dynamic, and multiply determined by factors at the level of individuals, products, situations or contexts, and marketplace. Substitution, or using one product with the intent of decreasing use of another, and complementarity, or using multiple products for different reasons or purposes, explain patterns in MTP use. Moreover, substitution and complementarity may inform our understanding of how market changes targeted at one product, for instance, new product standards, bans, product pricing, and taxation, affect consumption of other tobacco products. New data from natural experiments and novel laboratory-based techniques add additional data and expand the framework.

A substantial proportion of people who use tobacco use more than one product. This review synthesizes and evaluates recent evidence on the diverse factors that affect MTP use in addition to expanding our framework. Our review is accompanied by suggested research questions that can guide future study.

A substantial proportion of people who use tobacco use more than one product. This review synthesizes and evaluates recent evidence on the diverse factors that affect MTP use in addition to expanding our framework. Our review is accompanied by suggested research questions that can guide future study.Insertions and deletions of lengths not divisible by 3 in protein-coding sequences cause frameshifts that usually induce premature stop codons and may carry a high fitness cost. However, this cost can be partially offset by a second compensatory indel restoring the reading frame. The role of such pairs of compensatory frameshifting mutations (pCFMs) in evolution has not been studied systematically. Here, we use whole-genome alignments of protein-coding genes of 100 vertebrate species, and of 122 insect species, studying the prevalence of pCFMs in their divergence. We detect a total of 624 candidate pCFM genes; six of them pass stringent quality filtering, including three human genes RAB36, ARHGAP6, and NCR3LG1. In some instances, amino acid substitutions closely predating or following pCFMs restored the biochemical similarity of the frameshifted segment to the ancestral amino acid sequence, possibly reducing or negating the fitness cost of the pCFM. Typically, however, the biochemical similarity of the frameshifted sequence to the ancestral one was not higher than the similarity of a random sequence of a protein-coding gene to its frameshifted version, indicating that pCFMs can uncover radically novel regions of protein space. In total, pCFMs represent an appreciable and previously overlooked source of novel variation in amino acid sequences.Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Upon infection of hepatocytes, HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) exists as histone-bound mini-chromosome, subjected to transcriptional regulation similar to chromosomal DNA. selleck kinase inhibitor Here we identify high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) protein as a positive regulator of HBV transcription that binds to a conserved ATTGG site within enhancer II/core promoter (EII/Cp) and recruits transcription factors FOXO3α and PGC1α. HMGA1-mediated upregulation of EII/Cp results in enhanced viral gene expression and genome replication. Notably, expression of endogenous HMGA1 was also demonstrated to be upregulated by HBV, which involves HBV X protein (HBx) interacting with SP1 transcription factor to activate HMGA1 promoter. Consistent with these in vitro results, chronic hepatitis B patients in immune tolerant phase display both higher intrahepatic HMGA1 protein levels and higher serum HBV markers compared to patients in inactive carrier phase. Finally, using a mouse model of HBV persistence, we show that targeting endogenous HMGA1 through RNA interference facilitated HBV clearance. These data establish HMGA1 as an important positive regulator of HBV that is reciprocally upregulated by HBV via HBx and also suggest the HMGA1-HBV positive feedback loop as a potential therapeutic target.

To document the adoption of a comprehensive tobacco control law in Bolivia, a low-income country in South America.

Analysis of the Bolivian case study by reviewing news sources, tobacco control legislation, industry websites, and advocacy reports. Application of the Policy Dystopia Model to analyze tobacco industry and health advocacy arguments and action-based strategies.

For decades tobacco control progress in Bolivia remained relatively stagnant due to industry interference. In the 2000s and 2010s, Bolivia ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and implemented a couple of laws that began restricting smoking in public places and tobacco advertising. In 2015, tobacco control civil society emerged with the creation of Fundación InterAmericana del Corazón (FIC) Bolivia, which began coordinating efforts to counter industry interference. Between 2016 and 2020, FIC Bolivia with financial and technical support from international health groups proactively coordinated interministerial is is one of a handful of studies to examine the adoption of a comprehensive tobacco control law in a low-income country, Bolivia. Proactive health advocacy strategies, including identifying and engaging key political allies, helping coordinate interministerial meetings, and aggressively educating and engaging the public can help pass strong tobacco control laws, especially in low-income countries.

Low- and middle-income countries struggle to adopt comprehensive tobacco control legislation due to weak state capacity, limited resources, and aggressive tobacco industry interference. This is one of a handful of studies to examine the adoption of a comprehensive tobacco control law in a low-income country, Bolivia. Proactive health advocacy strategies, including identifying and engaging key political allies, helping coordinate interministerial meetings, and aggressively educating and engaging the public can help pass strong tobacco control laws, especially in low-income countries.

To examine whether social aspects of the neighborhood environment are associated with early sexual initiation in a California agricultural community of predominantly Latinx adolescents.

In a prospective cohort study of 599 eighth graders recruited from middle schools in Salinas, California (2015-2019), participants completed five interviews over 2 years. Social environment measures included neighborhood social dynamics (neighborhood disorder, social cohesion, and social network gang exposure); experiences of discrimination; and school connectedness. We estimated associations between baseline social environment and early sexual initiation (<15 years) using Poisson regression with robust standard errors. We compared contraceptive self-efficacy and attitudes by sexual initiation status using ANOVA.

Most youth were Latinx (94%) and age 13 (70%) at enrollment; 53% were female and 49% had a parent employed in agriculture. Additionally, 14% reported first vaginal sex before age 15. Neighborhood disorder (reed infection rates in later adolescence.

Computed tomography (CT) balances between high resolution and low radiation dose. Given the greater radiosensitivity of children, it is appropriate to use child-friendly CT-protocols that reduce radiation dose at acceptable image quality.This article states the radiation dose in pediatric cardiac CT-examinations at university hospital Leuven (Belgium) and compares with findings published by similar medical centers. The diagnostic accuracy was simultaneously compared, as it correlates with radiation dose.

his retrospective observational study analyzed 58 CT-scans of 52 patients. The radiation dose was calculated in effective dose. The image quality was scored qualitatively with a 5-point scale. The diagnostic accuracy, a derivative representation of the image quality, was checked with findings from surgery or conventional angiography.

The mean effective dose in our study population was 1.3±0.4mSv. The qualitative image quality was on average 'good', elaborated with a score of 4.0±0.2. The diagnostic accuracy was 92%. Comparative literature study provides a mean effective dose of 1.5mSv and the reported diagnostic accuracy from other centers reaches ≥90%.

At our center pediatric cardiac CT-scans are obtained with good-to-excellent image quality and high diagnostic accuracy at low radiation doses. These results meet the radiation dose and diagnostic accuracy as published by comparable medical centers.

At our center pediatric cardiac CT-scans are obtained with good-to-excellent image quality and high diagnostic accuracy at low radiation doses. These results meet the radiation dose and diagnostic accuracy as published by comparable medical centers.Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth. Iron-regulated transporters (IRTs) play important roles in Fe2+ uptake and transport in strategy I plants. Maize (Zea mays) belongs to a strategy II plant, in which mugineic acid (MA)-Fe3+ uptake is mainly carried out by Yellow Stripe 1 (YS1). However, ZmIRT1 was previously identified by our laboratory. In this study, we isolated a novel gene from maize (ZmIRT2), which is highly homologous to OsIRT2 and ZmIRT1. ZmIRT2 was expressed in roots and anther and was induced by Fe and zinc (Zn) deficiencies. ZmIRT2-GFP fusion protein localized to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. ZmIRT2 reversed growth defects involving Zn and Fe uptake in mutant yeast. ZmIRT2 overexpression in maize led to elevated Zn and Fe levels in roots, shoots and seeds of transgenic plants. Transcript levels of ZmIRT1 were elevated in roots, while levels of YS1 were reduced in shoots of ZmIRT2 transgenic plants. Our results imply that ZmIRT2 may function solely with ZmIRT1 to mediate Fe uptake in roots. ZmIRT1, ZmIRT2 and ZmYS1 may function in a cooperative manner to maintain Zn and Fe homeostasis in ZmIRT2 overexpressing plants. Furthermore, ZmIRT2 could be used in fortification efforts to elevate Zn and Fe levels in crop plants.DNA replication occurring in S-phase is critical for the maintenance of the cell fate from one generation to the next, and requires the duplication of epigenetic information. The integrity of the epigenome is, in part, insured by the recycling of parental histones and de novo deposition of newly synthesized histones. While the histone variants have revealed important functions in epigenetic regulations, the deposition in chromatin during S-phase of newly synthesized histone variants remains unclear. The identification of histone variants of H3 and unique features of Physarum polycephalum provides a powerful system for investigating de novo deposition of newly synthesized histones by tracking the incorporation of exogenous histones within cells. The analyses revealed that the rate of deposition of H3.1 and H3.3 is anticorrelated as S-phase progresses, H3.3 is predominately produced and utilized in early S and dropped throughout S-phase, while H3.1 behaved in the opposite way. Disturbing the expression of H3 variants by siRNAs revealed mutual compensation of histone transcripts.