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1%). Class I and II molar relationships were more prevalent than Class III molar relationships (93.2% vs. 6.8%, p less then 0.001). Forty-eight patients (19.3%) had other anomalies, with 50.0% and 14.4% in the BHFM and UHFM groups (p less then 0.001). Conclusions Patients with HFM require individualized diagnosis and treatment planning because of diverse phenotypes and associations with other anomalies. © 2020 The Korean Association of Orthodontists.Objective The Heat Induction Typodont System (HITS), used in some recent studies, has a distinct advantage over previous tooth movement simulation methods. This study aimed to compare inclination and vertical changes between the single-wire and double-wire techniques during en masse retraction with different lengths of lever arms in lingual orthodontics using an upgraded version of the HITS. Methods Duet lingual brackets, which have two main slots, were used in this study. Forty samples were divided into four groups according to the length of the lever arm (3-mm or 6-mm hook) and the retraction wire (single-wire or double-wire). Four millimeters of en masse retraction was performed using lingual appliances. Thereafter, 3-dimensional-scanned images of the typodont were analyzed to measure inclination and vertical changes of the anterior teeth. Results Incisor inclination presented more changes in the single-wire groups than in the double-wire groups. However, canine inclination did not differ between these groups. Regarding vertical changes, only the lateral incisors in the single-wire groups presented significantly larger values than did those in the double-wire groups. Combining the effect of hook lengths, among the four groups, the single-wire group with the 3-mm hook had the highest value, while the double-wire group with the 6-mm hook showed the least decrease in crown inclination and extrusion. Conclusions The double-wire technique with an extended lever arm provided advantages over the single-wire technique with the same lever arm length in preventing torque loss and extrusion of the anterior teeth during en masse retraction in lingual orthodontics. © 2020 The Korean Association of Orthodontists.Objective The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and reliability of measurements performed using two different software programs on digital models generated using two types of plaster model scanners (a laser scanner and a computed tomography [CT] scanner). Methods Thirty plaster models were scanned with a 3Shape laser scanner and with a Flash CT scanner. Two examiners performed measurements on plaster models by using digital calipers and on digital models by using Ortho Analyzer (3Shape) and Digimodel® (OrthoProof) software programs. Forty-two measurements, including tooth diameter, crown height, overjet, overbite, intercanine and intermolar distances, and sagittal relationship, were obtained. Results Statistically significant differences were not found between the plaster and digital model measurements (ANOVA); however, some discrepancies were clinically relevant. Plaster and digital model measurements made using the two scanning methods showed high intraclass coefficient correlation values and acceptable 95% limits of agreement in the Bland-Altman analysis. The software used did not influence the accuracy of measurements. Conclusions Digital models generated from plaster casts by using laser and CT scanning and measured using two different software programs are accurate, and the measurements are reliable. Therefore, both fabrication methods and software could be used interchangeably. © 2020 The Korean Association of Orthodontists.Objective This study compared three prominent midsagittal planes (MSPs) to identify the MSP that best approximates the true symmetrical MSP. Methods Forty-three patients (mean age, 23.0 ± 8.20 years) were grouped as follows group 1 consisted of 10 patients with skeletal Class I and a menton (Me) deviation of less then 2 mm; group 2, 11 patients with skeletal Class III and a Me deviation less then 2 mm; group 3, nine patients with skeletal Class III and a Me deviation of 2 to less than 4 mm; and group 4, 13 patients with skeletal Class III and an Me deviation ≥ 4 mm. The candidate MSPs were established by three-dimensional (3D) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) reorientation methods (RMs) (1) the MSP perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane while passing through the crista galli and basion; (2) the MSP including the nasion, incisive foramen, and basion; (3) the MSP including the nasion, anterior nasal spine, and posterior nasal spine. The mean absolute distances (MADs) to the MSPs were calculated from the coordinates of 1,548 points on 129 CBCT images. The differences in the values of the 3D coordinates among RMs were compared. Results The MADs of the three RMs showed significant differences (p less then 0.05). Most of the differences in values of the coordinates were not significant among RMs. Conclusions Although the differences in distance among the three MSPs were minor, the MSP perpendicular to the FH plane while passing through the crista galli and basion best approximated the true symmetrical MSP. © 2020 The Korean Association of Orthodontists.Rhamnus yoshinoi is a deciduous broad-leaf bush and endemic species widely found in Korea. Recently, we reported that R. yoshinoi methanol extract (RYME) had excellent antioxidant activity and inhibition of collagenase and elastase activity in cell-free system. In this study, we investigated the ability of RYME to control the mRNA and protein expression levels of the known skin wrinkle-related factors in cultured human dermal fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines. Treatment with 100 or 200 μg/mL RYME strongly blocked the UVB-induced downregulation of type 1 collagen mRNA expression (p  less then  0.001) and partially blocked the UVB-induced upregulation of MMP-3 mRNA expression in HaCaT human keratinocytes (p  less then  0.05 or p  less then  0.001). Treatment with RYME at 100 μg/mL considerably decreased MMP-1 mRNA expression in UVB-exposed HaCaT cells (p  less then  0.01). In HaCaT cells, RYME exhibited the potential to improve UV light-induced skin wrinkles. selleck inhibitor Moreover, RYME selectively inhibited the UVB-induced ERK-1/2 protein phosphorylation in CCD-986sk human dermal fibroblasts at 80 and 160 μg/mL.