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05). Dietary antibiotics increased Lactobacillus johnsonii, as compared to the CTR group, but decreased bacterial diversity and increased Escherichia coli, as compared to the PBT group (P  less then  0.05). Piglets dietary with B. subtilis modulated the microbiota by increasing the abundance of Firmicutes (L. johnsonii, L. reuteri) and decreasing the abundance of E. coli, as compared to the control group (P  less then  0.05). These results indicate that dietary of B. subtilis improves growth performance and intestinal health and can be a promising alternative to antibiotics in piglets diet.Potamotrygon motoro has been shown to use vision to orient in a laboratory setting and has been successfully trained in cognitive behavioral studies using visual stimuli. This study explores P. motoro's visual discrimination abilities in the context of two-alternative forced-choice experiments, with a focus on shape and contrast, stimulus orientation, and visual resolution. Tofacitinib in vitro Results support that stingrays are able to discriminate stimulus-presence and -absence, overall stimulus contrasts, two forms, horizontal from vertical stimulus orientations, and different colors that also vary in brightness. Stingrays tested in visual resolution experiments demonstrated a range of visual acuities from  less then  0.13 to 0.23 cpd under the given experimental conditions. Additionally, this report includes the first evidence for memory retention in this species.

Testicular type II germ cell tumours (GCTs) are an exemplar of acurable cancer and the most common malignancy in males aged ≤35years. Even in metastatic stages, about 70% of patients can be cured by cisplatin-based chemotherapy and multimodal treatments. For patients failing platinum-based standard therapy, prognosis is poor and novel biomarkers and therapeutic options are urgently needed.

Discussion of desired histopathological information to guide urologists' and oncologists' decision making in the treatment of male GCTs.

A narrative review of histopathological key features of male GCT tissue samples for clinical decision making.

Histopathological workup is crucial to identify (i)aGCT origin in cancers of unknown primary based on isochromosome12p (i(12p)) detection, (ii)the different typeII GCT subtypes, and (iii)risk factors, i.e. lymphovascular or rete testis invasion, among others. Proper histopathological diagnosis is indispensable for guideline-endorsed, histology-driven, and risk-adapted treatment decisions, hereby helping to maintain treatment success while reducing the therapeutic burden and potential long-term sequelae of multimodal treatments. For refractory patients failing standard treatment options, prognosis remains poor and, so far, neither predictive or prognostic biomarkers nor novel therapeutic targets have been established.

Close interaction and interdisciplinary discussion of histopathologic and radiologic findings and established risk factors including serum tumour markers is crucial for successful treatment including intensified strategies, where necessary, or prevention of overtreatment, where possible.

Close interaction and interdisciplinary discussion of histopathologic and radiologic findings and established risk factors including serum tumour markers is crucial for successful treatment including intensified strategies, where necessary, or prevention of overtreatment, where possible.In 2022 the new in vitro diagnostic regulation (IVDR) of the European Union will come into full effect. This complex regulatory framework aims at a stricter regulation and monitoring of industrial diagnostic assay production. The IVDR defines many new methodological requirements and includes an additional entirely new focus on the clinical validity of diagnostic assays as well as a novel tighter vigilance system. Although not the core of the regulation, the whole field of laboratory developed tests (LDTs) is also subject to fundamental restructuring within this regulatory framework. The respective requirements are broad and will pose many challenges to assay developers and users in pathology. The many new aspects of LDT production and use must be properly addressed to avoid a bottleneck in diagnostic assay availability. In this article, the impact of the different aspects of the IVDR on European pathology laboratories will be discussed.The impact of liquid biopsies on the analysis of molecular alterations of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has recently increased. PIK3CA is one of the most frequently mutated genes in breast cancer and the expected approval of targeted PIK3CA therapy based on the results of the SOLAR1 trial is likely to lead to the use of liquid biopsies as another promising testing strategy in breast cancer patients who can benefit from a targeted therapy.Choosing an appropriate method for the detection of activating PIK3CA mutations should include factors like sensitivity, specificity, and limit of detection. The test should at least meet the parameters of the assay used in the drug approval study.If carefully used, PIK3CA mutation detection with liquid biopsies can then be a useful addition to standard tissue diagnostics.

Innovative information technologies open new possibilities for diagnostics and promise to improve patient care. However, the integration of data- and computing-intensive procedures into diagnostic workflows also poses risks and considerable challenges for pathologists.

Considering technical, operational, and regulatory aspects, we present aholistic and systematic approach for the adoption of digital and computational pathology.

We discuss challenges for the implementation of computational diagnostic procedures and analyze regulatory frameworks for risk-based assessment and monitoring of software as an in vitro diagnostic device. Applying regulatory science, we develop an approach to streamline adoption of digital workflows in pathology.

Data- and computing-intensive workflows in digital pathology are complex and underscore the need for computational and regulatory science as acentral part of pathological diagnostics. To promote the adoption of computational diagnostics, we have founded an interdisciplinary initiative (the Alliance) that focuses on regulatory research in the field of digital pathology and works closely with anumber of expert and interest groups on the precompetitive development of standards for computational workflows.