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Global reforms in the education of health workers has culminated in the implementation of competency-based education and training (CBET). In line with the CBET model, competency frameworks are now commonplace in the health professions. In pharmacy, these frameworks are used to regulate career entry, benchmark standards of practice and facilitate expertise development.
This systematic review assessed the development, validity and applicability to practice of pharmacy-related competency frameworks.
PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, Scopus, ProQuest and PsycINFO electronic databases were searched to identify relevant literature. Additional searching included Google Scholar, electronic sources of grey literature, and the Member Organisation websites of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). The findings of this review were synthesised and reported narratively. The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO with reference number CRD42018096580.
In total, 53 pharmacy-related frameworks were ich as the research-related competencies.
The validity and applicability to practice of pharmacy-related frameworks highlights their importance in competency-based education and training (CBET). However, the observed disparities in framework terminologies and development methods suggest the need for harmonisation.
The validity and applicability to practice of pharmacy-related frameworks highlights their importance in competency-based education and training (CBET). However, the observed disparities in framework terminologies and development methods suggest the need for harmonisation.
While the surgical stages of single ventricle (SV) palliation serve to separate pulmonary venous and systemic venous return, and to volume-unload the SV, staged palliation also results in transition from parallel to series circulation, increasing total vascular resistance. How this transition affects pressure loading of the SV is as yet unreported.
We performed a retrospective chart review of Stage I, II, and III cardiac catheterization (CC) and echocardiographic data from 2001-2017 in all SV pts, with focus on systemic, pulmonary, and total vascular resistance (SVR, PVR, TVR respectively). Longitudinal analyses were performed with log-transformed variables. Effects of SVR-lowering medications were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing.
There were 372 total patients who underwent CC at a Stage I (median age of 4.4 months, n=310), Stage II (median age 2.7 years, n = 244), and Stage III (median age 7.3 years, n = 113). Total volume loading decreases with progression to Stage III (P< 0.001). While PVR gradually increases from Stage II to Stage III, and SVR increases from Stage I to Stage III, TVR dramatically increases with progress towards series circulation. TVR was not affected by use of systemic vasodilator therapy. TVR, PVR, SVR, and CI did not correlate with indices of SV function at Stage III.
TVR steadily increases with an increasing contribution from SVR over progressive stages. TVR was not affected by systemic vasodilator agents. TVR did not correlate with echo-based indices of SV function. Further studies are needed to see if modulating TVR can improve exercise tolerance and outcomes.
TVR steadily increases with an increasing contribution from SVR over progressive stages. TVR was not affected by systemic vasodilator agents. TVR did not correlate with echo-based indices of SV function. Further studies are needed to see if modulating TVR can improve exercise tolerance and outcomes.The present outburst of coronavirus-associated (SARS-CoV-2) acute respiratory disease coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in December 2019 in Wuhan, China is the third recognised spill over due to the zoonotic transmission. SARS-CoVs are about 29.7 kb positive, single stranded (ss) RNA viruses that are considered as zoonotic pathogens, bat being their natural reservoirs and also shows transmission within humans. The rapidly increasing COVID-19 cases and need of best and efficient drug/vaccine/strategy to counteract the virus entry and its pathogenesis has made it a Herculean challenge for scientists. Synthetic drugs associated complications has attracted scientific attention for natural product-based drugs. Chemo-diversity of algae and cyanobacteria offers a novel approach and can be recognized as a relevant source for developing a future natural "antiviral drug". The aim of this review is to highlight important features of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and the antiviral compounds recognized in algae and cyanobacteria, with their mechanisms of actions. Algae possess both immunity improving capacity and suppresses many viruses. Thus, they can be recommended as a preventive and curative remedy against SARS-CoV-2.Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is characterized by fever and multiorgan system dysfunction. Neurologic complications of MIS-C are not well described. Inflammation inhibitor We present 4 patients with MIS-C who had intracranial hypertension and discuss the unique management considerations when this occurs concurrently with significant myocardial dysfunction.
To correlate fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings with epilepsy characteristics and neurodevelopment at 2years of age in children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) to improve prenatal counseling.
This retrospective cohort study was performed in a collaboration between centers of the EPISTOP consortium. We included children with definite TSC, fetal MRIs, and available follow-up data at 2years of age. A pediatric neuroradiologist masked to the patient's clinical characteristics evaluated all fetal MRIs. MRIs were categorized for each of the 10 brain lobes as score 0 no (sub)cortical lesions or doubt; score 1 a single small lesion; score 2 more than one small lesion or at least one large lesion (>5mm). Neurologic manifestations were correlated to lesion sum scores.
Forty-one children were included. Median gestational age at MRI was 33.3weeks; (sub)cortical lesions were detected in 97.6%. Mean lesion sum score was 4.5. At 2years, 58.5% of patients had epilepsy and 22% had drug-resistant epilepsy.
