Ottesendehn2720

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of colibacillosis resulting in economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. A total of 168 APEC isolates, equal numbers from Australian and Thai broilers/broiler breeders, were identified and tested for their susceptibility to ten antimicrobial agents. Most of the Thai APEC isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) (60.7%) whilst Australian APEC isolates showed MDR rate of just 10.7%. The Thai APEC isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (TET) (84.5%), amoxicillin (AMX) (70.2%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (51.2%) whilst the Australian APEC isolates showed lower levels of resistance (TET 36.9%, AMX 29.8%, SXT 17.86%). The 34 Thai APEC and 4 Australian APEC isolates which were resistant to nalidixic acid were characterised for their carriage of mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE. While no mutations were detected in gyrB in the Thai isolates, the Ser83Leu and Asp87Asn substitutions in gyrA and Ser80Ile in parC were common (n=9/34). In regard to the Australian isolates, the Ser83Leu and Asp678Glu substitution in gyrA, Pro385Ala and Ser492Asn in gyrB and Met241Ile and Asp475Glu in parC were identified (n=3/4). Rep-PCR analysis of the 84 Thai and 84 Australian APEC isolates showed 16 main clusters that mostly contained isolates from both countries. Our results suggest that the emergence of MDR is a major concern for the Thai APEC isolates and that more prudent use of antimicrobial agents in Thai poultry production is required.Purpose Translating the Neck Disability Index (NDI) into the Malay language (NDI-M); evaluation of psychometric properties in patients with neck pain.Methods The NDI-M was translated according to established guidelines. In the first visit, 120 participants completed the NDI-M, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and demographic details. 98 participants returned to complete similar questionnaires and the Global Rating of Change (GRoC) scale. The NDI-M was evaluated for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, construct validity and responsiveness.Results The NDI-M demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.84) and good test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.79). Content validity was confirmed with no floor or ceiling effects. Construct validity was established revealing three-factor subscales explaining 68% of the total variance. The NDI-M showed a moderate correlation with VAS (Rp = 0.49, p  less then  0.001). Regarding responsiveness, a moderate correlation between NDI-M change scores and VAS change scores was found (Rp = 0.40, p  less then  0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between NDI-M with GRoC (Rs = 0.11, p = 0.27).Conclusions The NDI-M is a reliable and valid tool to measure functional outcomes in patients with neck pain. It is responsive in detecting changes in pain intensity during a patient's rehabilitation journey.Implications for rehabilitationThe NDI was translated into the Malay language and culturally adapted for Malay-speaking patients with neck pain.The NDI-M demonstrated an excellent level of internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. It demonstrated content and construct validity, with three-factor subscales, and moderate responsiveness for pain intensity.The NDI-M is a reliable, valid and responsive instrument to measure functional limitations in patients with neck pain for rehabilitation.Carbohydrate-restricted diets are increasingly recognized as options for dietary management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) and a conventional diabetes (CD) diet on oxidative stress and inflammation in weight stable individuals with T2DM. We hypothesized that the CRHP diet would improve markers of oxidatively generated RNA and DNA modifications as well as inflammatory parameters. N-Methyl-Nnitrosourea Thirty participants with T2DM were randomized to 6 weeks of CRHP or CD dietary treatment (30/50 energy percentage (E%) carbohydrate, 30/17E% protein, 40/33E% fat), followed by a cross-over to the opposite diet for a subsequent 6-week period. All meals were provided during the study and body weight was controlled. Diurnal urine samples were collected after 4 weeks on each diet and oxidatively generated RNA and DNA modifications were measured as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), respectively. Fasting concentrations of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 were measured before and after 6 weeks of interventions. Compared with the CD diet, the CRHP diet increased 24-hour urinary excretion of 8-oxoGuo by 9.3% (38.6 ± 12.6 vs. 35.3 ± 11.0 nmol/24 h, p = .03), whereas 8-oxodG did not differ between diets (24.0 ± 9.5 vs. 24.8 ± 11.1 nmol/24 h, p = .17). Changes in plasma inflammatory parameters did not differ between CRHP and CD diets, all p ≥ .2. The clinical implications of increased RNA oxidation following a CRHP diet as well as long-term effects of carbohydrate-restriction on markers of oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications should be a field of future study.In regression, some or all of the predictors may be measured in common units e.g. X1 = carbohydrate calories, X2 = protein calories, X3 = fat calories. Such predictors can occur in disciplines as diverse as business, economics, education, medicine, nutrition, psychology, sport science, etc. Predictors in common units can lead to unique quantitative and qualitative hypotheses that can be addressed by imposing equality restrictions on the regression weights (e.g. [Formula see text]). A simple device, total score substitution, is available for constraining regression coefficients to be equal in a variety of regression applications. Applications to linear, moderated linear, and polynomial models are described, but extensions to generalized linear models and multilevel linear models are also possible. Total score substitution in linear and moderated regression is illustrated using high school coursework and mathematics achievement data. Data, code (R, SPSS, SAS), and output are publicly available.