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9 (95% CI 10.4, 11.4), with hyperglycemia only was 5.2 (95% CI 4.4, 6.3) and with no exposure was 4.6 (95% CI 4.4, 4.9) cases per 100PY. The attributable proportion of incident TB due to synergy between low BMI and hyperglycemia was 0.23 (95% CI 0.06, 0.36).

Synergy between low BMI and hyperglycemia was associated with increased excess TB incidence in PLHIV. TB preventive treatment, nutritional support, and hyperglycemia management should be evaluated as interventions to reduce TB risk in PLHIV with joint exposure.

Synergy between low BMI and hyperglycemia was associated with increased excess TB incidence in PLHIV. TB preventive treatment, nutritional support, and hyperglycemia management should be evaluated as interventions to reduce TB risk in PLHIV with joint exposure.

To define a smoking cessation "cascade" among US women with and without HIV and examine differences by sociodemographic characteristics.

Observational cohort study using data from smokers participating in the Women's Interagency HIV Study between 2014 and 2019.

We followed 1165 women smokers with and without HIV from their first study visit in 2014 or 2015 until 1) an attempt to quit smoking within approximately three years of follow-up, 2) initial cessation (i.e., no restarting smoking within approximately six months of a quit attempt), and 3) sustained cessation (i.e., no restarting smoking within approximately 12 months of a quit attempt). Using the Aalen-Johansen estimator, we estimated the cumulative probability of achieving each step, accounting for the competing risk of death.

Forty-five percent of smokers attempted to quit, 27% achieved initial cessation, and 14% achieved sustained cessation with no differences by HIV status. Women with some post-high school education were more likely to achieve each step than those with less education. Outcomes did not differ by race. Thirty-six percent (95% CI 31, 42) of uninsured women attempted to quit compared to 47% (95% CI 44, 50) with Medicaid and 49% (95% CI 41, 59) with private insurance.

To decrease smoking among US women with and without HIV, targeted, multi-stage interventions and increased insurance coverage are needed to address shortfalls along this cascade.

To decrease smoking among US women with and without HIV, targeted, multi-stage interventions and increased insurance coverage are needed to address shortfalls along this cascade.

To examine whether administering both vorinostat and disulfiram to people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is safe and can enhance HIV latency reversal.

Vorinostat and disulfiram, can increase HIV transcription in people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Together these agents may lead to significant HIV latency reversal.

Virologically suppressed PWH on ART received disulfiram 2000 mg daily for 28 days and vorinostat 400 mg daily on days 8-10 and 22-24. The primary endpoint was plasma HIV RNA on day 11 relative to baseline using a single copy assay. Assessments included cell-associated (CA) unspliced (US) RNA as a marker of latency reversal, HIV DNA in CD4+ T-cells, plasma HIV RNA and plasma concentrations of ART, vorinostat and disulfiram.

The first two participants (P1 and P2) experienced grade 3 neurotoxicity leading to trial suspension. After 24 days, P1 presented with confusion, lethargy, and ataxia having stopped disulfiram and ART. Symptoms resolved by day 29. After 11 days, P2 presented with paranoia, emotional lability, lethargy, ataxia and study drugs were ceased. Symptoms resolved by day 23. CA-US RNA increased by 1.4- and 1.3-fold for P1 and P2 respectively. Plasma HIV RNA was detectable from day 8-37 (peak 81 copies/mL) for P2 but was not increased in P1 Antiretroviral levels were therapeutic and neuronal injury markers were elevated in P1.

The combination of prolonged high dose disulfiram and vorinostat was not safe in PWH on ART and should not be pursued despite evidence of latency reversal.

The combination of prolonged high dose disulfiram and vorinostat was not safe in PWH on ART and should not be pursued despite evidence of latency reversal.

Describe the causes of death among infants and children <5 years stratified by HIV status.

Cross-sectional analysis of causes of death ascertained through minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) in the Kenya Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance site.

We included decedents aged 28 days to <5 years, whose death was reported within 36 hours, underwent MITS, and had HIV test results and causes of death determined. MITS specimens were tested using Taqman Array Cards, culture, cytology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry and HIV polymerase chain reaction. A panel evaluated epidemiologic, clinical, verbal autopsy and laboratory data to assign causes of death using ICD10 guidelines. Causes of death and etiological agents were stratified by HIV status.

Of 176 included decedents, 14% (n = 25) were HIV-infected, median viral load was 112,205 copies per milliliter (interquartile range [IQR] = 9,349-2,670,143). HIV-disease (96%; n = 24) and malnutrition (23%; n = 34) were the leading undcould be instrumental in improving the survival of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children.N/A.Background A relative can be an asset in dealing with chronic illnesses, such as acromegaly, where quality of life is altered even after remission. However, it has been shown that quality of life of caregivers can also be impacted. Our main objective was to compare the perception of acromegaly in remission in the patient-relative dyad. Methods In this observational study, 27 patients in remission and relatives were first asked to complete quality of life, anxiety/depression and coping strategy questionnaires. Then, the patient's body image and self-esteem were evaluated from both the patient's and from the relative's point of view using the same questionnaires with modified instructions. Results Relatives had overall an accurate estimation of patient body image using the Figure Rating Scale by Stunkard. However, there were wide variations between the patient's and the relative's responses regarding self-esteem and body perception. The quality of life of relatives was not altered and was significantly higher in the social domain than for the patient. Conclusions Our results show that relatives require education concerning all the steps involved in the management of acromegaly, as they likely do not fully understand the sequelae of acromegaly.

Norovirus is a contagious disease. The transmission of norovirus spreads quickly and easily in various ways. Because effective methods to prevent or treat norovirus have not been discovered, it is important to rapidly recognize and report norovirus outbreaks in the early phase. Internet search has been a useful method for people to access information immediately. With the precise record of internet search trends, internet search has been a useful tool to manifest infectious disease outbreaks.

In this study, we tried to discover the correlation between internet search terms and norovirus infection.

The internet search trend data of norovirus were obtained from Google Trends. We used cross-correlation analysis to discover the temporal correlation between norovirus and other terms. We also used multiple linear regression with the stepwise method to recognize the most important predictors of internet search trends and norovirus. In addition, we evaluated the temporal correlation between actual norovirus cases and internet search terms in New York, California, and the United States as a whole.

Some Google search terms such as gastroenteritis, watery diarrhea, and stomach bug coincided with norovirus Google Trends. Some Google search terms such as contagious, travel, and party presented earlier than norovirus Google Trends. Some Google search terms such as dehydration, bar, and coronavirus presented several months later than norovirus Google Trends. We found that fever, gastroenteritis, poison, cruise, wedding, and watery diarrhea were important factors correlated with norovirus Google Trends. In actual norovirus cases from New York, California, and the United States as a whole, some Google search terms presented with, earlier, or later than actual norovirus cases.

Our study provides novel strategy-based internet search evidence regarding the epidemiology of norovirus.

Our study provides novel strategy-based internet search evidence regarding the epidemiology of norovirus.

Many have proposed the use of Bluetooth technology to help scale-up contact tracing for COVID-19. However, much remains unknown about the accuracy of this technology in real-world settings, attitudes of potential users, and differences between delivery formats (mobile applications vs. carriable or wearable devices).

We pilot-tested two separate Bluetooth contact tracing technologies on a university campus to evaluate their sensitivity and specificity and to learn from the experiences of the participants.

We used a convergent mixed methods study design, and participants included graduate students and researchers working on a university campus during June-July 2020. We conducted separate two-week pilot studies for each Bluetooth technology, the first for a mobile phone application ("App Pilot") and the second for a small, electronic "tag" ("Tag Pilot"). Participants validated a list of Bluetooth-identified contacts daily and reported additional close contacts not identified by Bluetooth. We used these dathat using other technologies, such as GPS or Wi-Fi, was appropriate (17/31, 55%; p=0.024). Most participants preferred technology developed and managed by the university rather than a third party (27/32, 84%) and preferred not to have tracing applications on their personal phones (21/32, 66%), due to "concerns with privacy." There were no significant differences in self-reported adherence rates across pilots.

Convenient and carriable Bluetooth technology may improve tracing efficiency while alleviating privacy concerns by shifting data collection away from personal devices. With accuracy comparable to, and in this case superior to, mobile phone applications, such approaches may be suitable for workplace or school settings with the ability to purchase and maintain physical devices.

Evaluating outcomes of the clinical and translational research (CTR) training of a Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) hub (eg, the KL2 program) requires the selection of reliable, accessible, and standardized measures. As measures of scholarly success usually focus on publication output and extramural funding, CTSA hubs have started to use bibliometrics to evaluate the impact of their supported scholarly activities. Selleckchem Pyrvinium However, the evaluation of KL2 programs across CTSAs is limited, and the use of bibliometrics and follow-on funding is minimal.

This study seeks to evaluate scholarly productivity, impact, and collaboration using bibliometrics and federal follow-on funding of KL2 scholars from 3 CTSA hubs and to define and assess CTR training success indicators.

The sample included KL2 scholars from 3 CTSA institutions (A-C). Bibliometric data for each scholar in the sample were collected from both SciVal and iCite, including scholarly productivity, citation impact, and research collaboration. Three federal follow-on funding measures (at the 5-year, 8-year, and overall time points) were collected internally and confirmed by examining a federal funding database.