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Faculty qualified to teach in the anatomical sciences are growing scarce just as the need for trained anatomists is greater than ever. #link# Enrollments are surging in anticipation of a large physician shortfall; meanwhile, many anatomists are reaching retirement age. Who will fill the teaching gap? This study assessed trends in doctorates awarded in Anatomy and related fields within the United States (US) since 1969 and evaluated modern graduate education in the anatomical sciences. Data were compiled from the National Science Foundation Survey of Earned Doctorates. The total number of doctorates in the anatomical sciences and number of doctorates by sex and race/ethnicity were plotted for trend analysis. The number of PhD anatomy training programs within US medical schools was also assessed. Curricula and major characteristics of all active programs were evaluated through website searches and program director interviews. While doctorates in cell biology, developmental biology, and neuroscience have grown, the number of PhDs awarded in Anatomy has declined, on average, by 3.1 graduates per year to a 50-year low of only 8 graduates in 2017. Currently, 21 active doctoral programs in anatomy operate within US medical schools and fall into three general categories anatomy education (n = 8), classic anatomy (n = 8), and anthropology/evolutionary anatomy (n = 5). Without a concerted effort by stakeholders to address the shortage, anatomists may face extinction. Expansion of the anatomy education doctoral degree may represent a necessary evolution of the field to meet job market needs and to thwart the extinction threat.

Depression is a common symptom in people with osteoporosis. (R)-ketamine produced greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant-like actions than (S)-ketamine in rodents. Here, we examined the effects of two ketamine enantiomers on the reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in the ovariectomized (OVX) mice which is an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Female ddY mice were OVX or sham-operated. Subsequently, saline (10mL/kg/d, twice weekly), (R)-ketamine (10mg/kg/d, twice weekly), or (S)-ketamine (10mg/kg/d, twice weekly) was administered intraperitoneally into OVX or sham mice for the 6weeks. The femur from all mice was collected 3days after the final injection, and BMD in the femur was measured.

The reduction of cortical BMD and total BMD in the OVX mice was significantly ameliorated after subsequent repeated intermittent administration of (R)-ketamine, but not (S)-ketamine.

The study shows that (R)-ketamine can ameliorate the reduced cortical BMD and total BMD in OVX mice. Therefore, (R)-ketamine would be a novel therapeutic drug for women with osteoporosis.

The study shows that (R)-ketamine can ameliorate the reduced cortical BMD and total BMD in OVX mice. Therefore, (R)-ketamine would be a novel therapeutic drug for women with osteoporosis.

Based on the morphological characteristics of glenoid and greater tuberosity (GT) fractures and the relationship between them, we explored the injury mechanism of acute anterior shoulder dislocation associated with glenoid and GT fractures.

From December 2013 to December 2019, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients who were diagnosed with acute anterior shoulder dislocation associated with glenoid and GT fractures in our hospital. According to the fracture site, a glenoid fracture group and a greater tuberosity fracture (GT) group were established, and the morphological characteristics of both glenoid and GT fractures were measured and statistically analyzed.

A total of 41 patients (43 shoulders) met the inclusion criteria (39 unilateral shoulders and 2 bilateral shoulders). The mean age was 50.21 years (range, 22-71 years). A total of 27 shoulder injuries (62.8%) were split GT fractures and 33 shoulder injuries (76.7%) were combined with rotator cuff tears. The mean size of glenoid fare highly correlated to the relative spatial location between the GT and the glenoid when the shoulder dislocates.Identification of the novel HLA-C*079302 allele that differs from HLA-C*079301 at one position in exon 5.

Studies of medication use in patients with a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube have not been conducted adequately. The aim of this study was to describe medication use of care-dependent older adults with PEG and evaluate whether potential prescribing omissions (PPO) would affect the cause of death or acute illness.

In a geriatric long-term care hospital, 116 inpatients aged ≥65 years with insertion of a PEG tube because of dysphagia were enrolled and followed for 2 years 2016-2018. The patients were divided into two groups, i.e., group A (who died between 2016 and 2018) and group B (who continued to be hospitalized in 2018). Clinical data and prescribed medications were recorded. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the associations between survival and variables age, gender, serum albumin level, serum creatinine level, body mass index (BMI), number of drugs and PPO.

The patients' mean age was 85.3 ± 10.2 years, 57.8% were women and the mean number of drugs was 6.8 ± 3.5. Medications for managing symptoms, such as constipation and gastrointestinal symptoms, were commonly prescribed. The most common PPO medications were antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants. On logistic regression analysis, PPO had no influence on the cause of death or acute illness. Lower age, higher serum albumin level and body mass index were associated with survival in both univariate and multivariate models.

Polypharmacy was prevalent in patients with PEG. Given the finding that PPO had no influence on health outcome, rational deprescribing could be warranted. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20 961-966.

Polypharmacy was prevalent in patients with PEG. Given the finding that PPO had no influence on health outcome, rational deprescribing could be warranted. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20 961-966.Measurable/minimal residual disease (MRD) status has been suggested as a powerful indicator of clinical-outcome in T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL). Multicolor flow cytometric (MFC)-based T-ALL MRD reports are limited and traditionally based on the utilization of markers-of-immaturity like TdT and CD99. Moreover, studies demonstrating the multicolor flow cytometric (MFC) approach for the assessment of T-ALL MRD are sparse. Herein, we describe an 11-marker, 10-color MFC-based T-ALL MRD method using an "approach of exclusion."

The study included 269 childhood T-ALL patients treated with a modified-MCP841 protocol. An 11-marker, 10-color MFC-based MRD was performed in bone marrow (BM) samples at the end-of-induction (EOI) and end-of-consolidation (EOC) time-points using Kaluza-version-1.3 software.

We studied EOI-MRD in 269 and EOC-MRD in 105 childhood T-ALL patients. EOI-MRD was detectable in 125 (46.5%) samples (median, 0.3%; range, 0.0007-66.3%), and EOC-MRD was detectable in 34/105 (32.4%) ssay is highly useful in T-ALL MRD assessment and extends its applicability to almost all T-ALL patients.The transition to remote-teaching online for Molecular Biology has forced active learning exercises like Escape Rooms to also move online. In the past, Escape Rooms have been an effective tool for students to help reinforce concepts they learned in Molecular Biology. We propose that there is a way for Escape Rooms to be moved to an online setting and still be an effective avenue for students to learn the material in a fun and interactive way.Isoprene is the most abundant volatile organic compound in the atmosphere after methane. While gas-phase processes have been widely studied, the chemistry of isoprene in aqueous environments is less well known. Nevertheless, some experiments have reported unexpected reactivity at the air-water interface. In this work, we have carried out combined quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations of isoprene at the air-water interface, as well as ab initio and density functional theory calculations on isoprene-water complexes. We report the first calculation of the thermodynamics of adsorption of isoprene at the water surface, examine how hydration influences its electronic properties and reactivity indices, and estimate the OH-initiated oxidation rate. Our study indicates that isoprene interacts with the water surface mainly through H-π bonding. link2 This primary interaction mode produces strong fluctuations of the π and π* bond stabilities, and therefore of isoprene's chemical potential, nucleophilicity and ionization potential, anticipating significant dynamical effects on its reactivity at the air-water interface. link3 Using data from the literature and free energies reported in our work, we have estimated the rate of the OH-initiated oxidation process at the air-water interface (5.0×1012  molecule cm-3  s-1 ) to be about 7 orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding rate in the gas phase (8.2×105  molecule cm-3  s-1 ). Atmospheric implications of this result are discussed.Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are known to bind non-native substrates and prevent irreversible aggregation in an ATP-independent manner. However, the dynamic interaction between sHSPs and their substrates in vivo is less studied. Here, by utilizing Tucatinib chemical structure incorporated crosslinker, we characterized the interaction between sHSP IbpB and its endogenous substrates in living cells. Through photo-crosslinking analysis of five Bpa variants of IbpB, we found that the substrate binding of IbpB in living cells is reversible upon short-time exposure at 50 °C. Our data provide in vivo evidence that IbpB engages in dynamic substrate release under nonstress conditions and suggest that photo-crosslinking may be a suitable method for investigating dynamic interaction between molecular chaperones and their substrates in living cells.Clozapine is the only antipsychotic agent with demonstrated efficacy in refractory schizophrenia. However, use of clozapine is hampered by its adverse effects, including potentially fatal agranulocytosis. Recently, we showed an association between neutrophil autofluorescence and clozapine use. In this study, we evaluated the subcellular localization of clozapine-associated fluorescence and tried to elucidate its source. Neutrophils of clozapine users were analyzed with fluorescence microscopy to determine the emission spectrum and localization of the fluorescence signal. Next, these neutrophils were stimulated with different degranulation agents to determine the localization of fluorescence. Lastly, isolated neutrophil lysates of clozapine users were separated by SDS-PAGE and evaluated. Clozapine-associated fluorescence ranged from 420 nm to 720 nm, peaking at 500-550 nm. Fluorescence was localized in a large number of small loci, suggesting granular localization of the signal. Neutrophil degranulation induced by Cytochalasin B/fMLF reduced fluorescence, whereas platelet-activating factor (PAF)/fMLF induced degranulation did not, indicating that the fluorescence originates from a secretable substance in azurophilic granules. SDS-PAGE of isolated neutrophil lysates revealed a fluorescent 14kDa band, suggesting that neutrophil fluorescence is likely to be originated from a 14kDa protein/peptide fragment. We conclude that clozapine-associated fluorescence in neutrophils is originating from a 14kDa soluble protein (fragment) present in azurophilic granules of neutrophils. This protein could be an autofluorescent protein already present in the cell and upregulated by clozapine, or a protein altered by clozapine to express fluorescence. Future studies should further explore the identity of this protein and its potential role in the pathophysiology of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.