Onealrodgers5667

Data on numerous novel potential pharmacogenomic markers relevant for optimization of thiopurine treatment are still controversial (ITPA, ABCC4, NT5C2, PRPS1, GSTM1, FTO gene variants). Majority of evidences regarding thiopurine pharmacogenomics in pediatrics have been acquired by studying acute lymphoblastic leukemia and inflammatory bowel disease. For other pediatric diseases, namely acute myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, juvenile autoimmune hepatitis and renal allograft transplantation, data are still scarce. CONCLUSION Thiopurine pharmacogenomics has shown to be one of the best examples of successful application of pharmacogenomics in pediatrics. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are required for intact spermatogenesis and sperm function, but excessive levels will cause oxidative stress, impairing sperms and sperm function due to membrane damage and DNA fragmentation. OBJECTIVE Theoretically, antioxidant supplementation may act as a protecting system against free radicals. Since infertile males have higher levels of ROS, nutritional supplements are widely used for protecting sperms. In the recent review authors summarize the most recent data regarding the effect of antioxidant treatment and draw an attention of the limitations of antioxidant use in male infertility. Selleck LY3522348 METHODS The recent review gives an update of antioxidant treatment in male infertility. RESULTS Improvement of sperm parameters was reported in the majority of studies. Comparing different antioxidants versus placebo showed low certainty of evidence with a serious risk of bias, and there is a lack regarding certain doses, pregnancy rate, and live birth rate outcomes. Various clinical studies and randomized control trials reported even negative outcomes. Conflicting findings lead the attention to the study of biochemical features of the oxidant vs. antioxidant equilibrium. Higher exposure to antioxidants will result in "reductive stress", which has harmful effects on sperm function, moreover can negatively influence embryo development. Reductive stress is as dangerous as oxidative stress and may act as a cause of different human pathologies. CONCLUSION An intact balance of oxidant and antioxidant systems is required to normal sperm function. No guideline exists for the antioxidant dose regimen and treatment duration. Overdosing can result in reductive stress, which is also harmful to fertility and can cause several diseases. Assessment of the pre-treatment redox status can be recommended before the administration of exogenous antioxidants. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. This is primarily driven by the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes as well as the ageing of the general population. Most of the data regarding the epidemiology of NAFLD is published from the studies originating in the U.S. The overall prevalence of NAFLD in the United States is estimated to be 24%. In the U.S., Hispanic Americans have a higher prevalence of NAFLD, whereas African Americans have lower prevalence of NAFLD. The exact contributions of genetic and environmental factors on these differences in the prevalence rates have not been determined. From the spectrum of NAFLD, patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are at the highest risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The most recent data regarding progression of NASH suggest a complex pattern of progression and regression of fibrosis. Factors influencing the progression and regression of NASH have not been fully described. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is an extremely complicated pathological process that is clinically characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. It is imperative to explore some effective neuroprotective agents for treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ulinastatin is a protease inhibitor, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. For the past few years, new studies of ulinastatin for treatment of ischemic brain injury have emerged. OBJECTIVE We conducted a review to summarize the mechanisms and analyze the neuroprotective action of ulinastatin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS We reviewed and summarized the pertinent literatures published between 1993 and 2019 from PubMed, Web of Science and Embase by searching scientific terms ulinastatin, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, neuroprotective, stroke, cardiac arrest, brain edema. RESULTS The protective mechanisms of ulinastatin in the key steps of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury include inhibition of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, neuronal autophagy, and aquaporin 4 expression and improvement of blood-brain barrier permeability. In addition, we give a prospective of potential research directions and clinical safety. CONCLUSION Ulinastatin seems to have potential to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. These findings may be valuable to further promote the research and development of drug candidates and provide novel and reliable references for rational drug use. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Infections caused by Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium spp., and Trichomonas vaginalis, are part of a large list of human parasitic diseases. Together, they cause more than 500 million infections per year. These protozoa parasites affect both low- and high-income countries and their pharmacological treatment is limited. Therefore, new and more effective drugs in preclinical development could improve overall therapy for parasitic infections even when their mechanisms of action are unknown. In this review, a number of heterocyclic compounds (diamidine, guanidine, quinoline, benzimidazole, thiazole, diazanaphthalene, and their derivatives) reported as antiprotozoal agents are discussed as options for developing new pharmacological treatments for parasitic diseases. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.