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To observe workout repetition and rest interval pacing strategies and determine which best predicted performance during the 2016 CrossFit® Open, five male (34.4 ± 3.8 years, 176 ± 5 cm, 80.3 ± 9.7 kg) and six female (35.2 ± 6.3 years, 158 ± 7 cm, 75.9 ± 19.3 kg) recreational competitors were recruited for this observational, pilot study. Exercise, round, and rest time were quantified via a stopwatch for all competitors on their first attempt of each of the five workouts. Subsequently, pacing was calculated as a repetition rate (repetitions·s-1) to determine the fastest, slowest, and average rate for each exercise, round, and rest interval, as well as how these changed (i.e., slope, Δ rate / round) across each workout. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients indicated that several pacing variables were significantly (p less then 0.05) related to performance on each workout. However, stepwise regression analysis indicated that the average round rate best predicted (p less then 0.001) performance on the first (R2 = 0.89), second (R2 = 0.99), and fifth (R2 = 0.94) workouts, while the competitors' rate on their slowest round best predicted workout three performance (R2 = 0.94, p less then 0.001). The wall ball completion rate (R2 = 0.89, p = 0.002) was the best predictor of workout four performance, which was improved by 9.8% with the inclusion of the deadlift completion rate. These data suggest that when CrossFit® Open workouts consist of multiple rounds, competitors should employ a fast and sustainable pace to improve performance. Otherwise, focusing on one or two key exercises may be the best approach.It is well known that different factors can contribute to muscle damage in judo matches or training. Previous research analyzed only the effects of simulated judo combat or judo training on biochemical markers of muscle damage without determining its specific causes. Our objective was to identify possible differences in biochemical markers of muscular damage in response to different training methods in youth judo athletes. Twelve high-level male judo athletes were randomly assigned to a standing (SP, n = 6, age = 16.6 ± 1.1 years) or a groundwork (GP, n = 6, age = 17.8 ± 0.8 years) position combat practice group. Both groups had the same protocol of four 4-minute combat practice bouts separated by 1-minute rest intervals. Before and immediately after combat practice blood samples were taken to assess muscle damage markers creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). There were significant increases in AST, LDH, and CK after the standing and groundwork training sessions compared with resting values in both groups. Selleck EGFR inhibitor Additionally, no significant differences in the enzyme's activity between SP and GP groups were found. These results showed that standing and groundwork randori training (free sparring or free practice) causes similar muscle damage in adolescent judo athletes. Future research should assess the effects of the same damage mechanisms over a longer period of time.The present study compared the evolution of strength and muscle mass in swimmers of both sexes across different chronological and biological ages. Seventy-six swimmers (55 males and 21 females) from 10 to 20 years of age underwent evaluations of sexual maturation using the developmental stage of the genitals (G1, G2, G3 G4 and G5) and pubic hair (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5) (Tanner criteria), lean mass using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method, and isokinetic strength of the knee extensor muscles. Boys did not present a significant difference in strength among G1, G2, and G3 (p > 0.05) nor between 10 and 13 years of age (p > 0.05), although significant differences in strength of the extensor (p = 0.038) muscles of the knee were found between G3 and G4 and between athletes of 10 and 14 years of age (extensor muscles, p = 0.033). Muscle mass was different between G3 and G4 (p = 0.003) and between 10 and 14 years of age (p = 0.020). The mean age of boys in the G4 pubertal stage was 13.7 ± 2.0 years, although from 12 to 16 years of age, boys are typically in the G4 stage. Girls showed no significant differences in strength nor muscle mass among the pubertal stages (p > 0.05). We conclude that by equating boys by chronological age, individuals with different pubertal development levels, muscle mass, and strength levels can be grouped. Therefore, the relationship between the level of pubertal deve-lopment and chronological age seems to be a useful strategy for grouping boys, while grouping girls by chronological age seems adequate for training and competition.The second-to-fourth-digit (2D4D) ratio has been widely used as a putative marker of prenatal exposure to testosterone in health, behavioral and sport sciences, but it has only been used few times regarding combat athletes. This study involved 200 male elite combat athletes (Olympic wrestling, kickboxing, judo, taekwondo and karate) and 179 males not participating in any sports. The lengths of the index finger (2D) and ring (4D) finger were measured using computer-assisted image analysis (AutoMetric 2.2 software). The 2D4D ratio of combat athletes was significantly lower than that of the controls. Moreover, a lower 2D4D ratio was found among wrestlers, judo athletes and kickboxers than in the control group, and a higher 2D4D ratio was found, but with borderline significance, among karate and taekwondo athletes. Moreover, multivariate analysis adjusted for age showed that judo, Olympic wrestling and kickboxing athletes combined had 2D4D ratios significantly lower (by 0.035 on average) than those of the rest of the subjects and that karate and taekwondo athletes together had 2D4D ratios significantly higher (by 0.014 on average) than those of the rest of the subjects. The research results and literature review indicate that knowledge about the functional meaning of the 2D4D ratio is still too fragmentary and it is too early to use the 2D4D ratio in the selection of sport talent; however, it may be a useful criteria when screening prospective athletes to be recruited to a team. That is why 2D4D reference values should be defined for particular sports.