Odomconway3901

Electronic microscopy provided morphological insights of the mitochondrial status in which a disarrangement in mitochondrial cristae profile was observed. 1-Octen-3-ol induced increased activity of caspase 3/7 and ERK phosphorylation. The mRNA relative steady-state levels of p38MAPK and JNK were down-regulated, whereas NF-κB and p53 were up-regulated. Poly(vinyl alcohol) In parallel, nitrite levels were induced in relation to the non-exposed group. These findings point to the mitochondria as a crucial target for the toxicity of 1-octen-3-ol in parallel with activation of pro-inflammatory factors and apoptotic signaling pathway cascade.Honey bee populations in North America are an amalgamation of diverse progenitor ecotypes experiencing varying levels of artificial selection. Genetic differences between populations can result in variable susceptibility towards environmental stressors, and here we compared pesticide tolerances across breeding stocks using a mixture of seven pesticides frequently found in colonies providing pollination services. We administered the pesticide mixture chronically to in vitro reared larvae at four concentrations of increasing Hazard Quotient (HQ, or cumulative toxicity) and measured mortality during larval development. We found that different stocks had significantly different tolerances to our pesticide mixture as indicated by their median lethal toxicity (HQ50). The intensively selected Pol-Line stock exhibited the greatest pesticide sensitivity while Old World (progenitor) and putatively feral stocks were the most pesticide-tolerant. Furthermore, we found that activity of the detoxification enzyme esterase was positively correlated with pesticide tolerance when measured using two different substrate standards, and confirmed that larvae from the Pol-Line stock had generally lower esterase activity. Consistent with an increased pesticide tolerance, the Old World and putatively feral stocks had higher esterase activities. However, esterases and other detoxification enzymes (CYP450s and GSTs) were found in similar abundances across stocks, suggesting that the differences in enzyme activity we observed might arise from stock-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms or post-translational modifications causing qualitative variation in enzyme activity. These results suggest that selective breeding may inadvertently increase honey bees' sensitivity to pesticides, whereas unselected, putatively feral and Old World stocks have larvae that are more tolerant.Cell wall (CW) plays an important role in Cd accumulation in roots of metal-tolerant plants, including rice. The role of CW polysaccharides, especially pectin, in binding Cd in roots of a high Cd accumulating (HA) rice line of Lu527-8 and a non-high Cd accumulating (NHA) rice line of Lu527-4 was investigated in this study. About 59%-63% of Cd in roots of the two rice lines was bound to CWs, indicating that CW was the main site for Cd accumulation in roots of the two rice lines. Cd adsorbed on the root CWs of the HA was 1.1-1.2 times more than that of the NHA, demonstrating the root CWs of the HA showed greater Cd binding ability. Cd exposure induced more Cd accumulation in pectin and hemicellulose in the HA. In particular, up to 65% of Cd accumulation in root CWs of the HA was observed in pectin. The removal of pectin lead to a 50% decrease for the amounts of Cd adsorption on root CWs of the HA, indicating that pectin was the major binding site for Cd in root CWs of the HA. The HA showed greater pectin methylesterase activities, resulting in lower degree of pectin methylesterification along with more low-methylesterified pectins in root CWs than the NHA. The more accumulation of low-methylesterified pectins in CWs induced by Cd contributed greatly to the high Cd accumulation in roots of the HA rice line of Lu527-8.Rare earth elements (REEs) have received enormous attention in recent years. However, there are many gaps in the understanding of their behavior in the soil-plant system. The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of three most common REEs (La, Ce, Nd) in the soil-plant system directly on soil samples using barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in a vegetation experiment. We attribute the absence of significant changes in plant biomass and photosynthetic pigment content to the reduced availability of REEs in soil samples. The concentration of water-soluble forms of La, Ce and Nd didn't exceed 1 mg/kg, while the concentration of exchangeable forms varied and decreased in a row La > Ce > Nd. The transfer factor (TF) from soil to above-ground biomass was low for all three elements ( less then 1). The stem-to-leaf TF increased with the increase in REEs concentration in soil. The concentration in plant material increased in the row Ce less then Nd less then La. REEs concentrations in barley leaves didn't exceed 1-3% of the corresponding element concentration in soil samples. REEs concentration in plant tissues is in close direct correlation with the REEs total concentration in soil, water-soluble and exchange forms. REEs concentration in barley leaves is 3-4 times higher than in the stems and for the group with extraneous concentration of 200 mg/kg for La, Ce and Nd was 6.20 ± 1.48, 2.10 ± 0.51, 6.90 ± 3.00 mg/kg, respectively. We show that there were no major changes in barley plants, but further study is needed of the relationship between the absorption of lanthanides by plants and the content of various forms of lanthanides in the soil.Cadmium is a highly toxic metal threatening human and animal health. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was reported to play a positive role in disease treatment and immune regulation. The present study aimed to explore the effect of NAC administration on Cd-induced cytotoxicity and abnormal immune response on chicken peritoneal macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from Isa Brown male chickens were exposed to CdCl2 (20 or 50 μM) and/or NAC (500 μM) for different time periods. Results showed that Cd caused dose-dependent damage on chicken peritoneal macrophages characterized by morphologic and ultrastructural alterations, increased cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species accumulation and mitochondrial injury. Cd exposure inhibited phagocytic activity of chicken peritoneal macrophages, and promoted transcriptional status of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in both unactivated macrophages and cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimuli. Pretreatment with 500 μM NAC did not affect growth of normal chicken peritoneal macrophages, while remarkably inhibiting Cd-caused cell death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization.