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ay be beneficial for reducing the complications that might arise due to treatment delay. The complex nature of the injury, however, creates the higher possibility for residual post-operative complications. Risks of residual functional impairment should be considered in such complex trauma prior to surgery, to determine the surgical prognostic value and provide appropriate consent to the patient.

Craniofacial trauma may potentially have significant blood loss which may lead to death in some trauma patients.

We report a case of a 43-year-old male who had a lethal noncompressible arterial hemorrhage from a penetrating wound on his left frontotemporal and preauricular region. Extensive bleeding was successfully temporarily controlled by external carotid artery (ECA) occlusion. The definitive operation was completed in a staged fashion following a computed tomography angiography assessment extension of the injury.

Temporarily controlling the bleeding from the carotid artery should be considered as a life saving procedure in a lethal craniofacial injury.

Temporarily controlling the bleeding from the carotid artery should be considered as a life saving procedure in a lethal craniofacial injury.

The Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) is commonly used to assess premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder throughout the world. The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the DRSP (DRSP-J).

We analyzed 324 women with regular menstrual cycles who completed the DRSP-J and the Premenstrual Symptoms Questionnaire (PSQ). They had all applied to participate in an ongoing study for the treatment of their premenstrual symptoms. The DRSP-J was examined for evidence of reliability and validity. To examine reliability, we assessed Cronbach's α, a measure of internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. We assessed structural validity with principal component factor analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We used PSQ total score to examine concurrent validity.

Cronbach's α for DRSP total score was 0.97. DRSP total score and individual items showed high test-retest reliability. PCA showed a two-factor model describing mood and behavioral and physical symptoms. CFA showed that the two-factor model derived from the PCA was an acceptably good fit. DRSP total score correlated moderately with PSQ total score (r = 0.42).

The DRSP-J showed reliable and valid measures of premenstrual symptoms in Japanese women.

The DRSP-J showed reliable and valid measures of premenstrual symptoms in Japanese women.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is only one part of a successful range of care among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Stigma and low social support are emerging issues worsening the success of ART for PLWHA. This study thus aimed to investigate the level of perceived stigma among PLWHA.

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Nekemte, western Ethiopia. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify associations between perceived stigma and low social support, depression, and other potential predictor variables using SPSS version 24.0 and adjusted odds ratios (AORs), considering statistical significance at

<0.05.

A total of 418 study participants were included in the study, with a response rate of 100%. About 48.6% of PLWHA had experienced perceived stigma, and more than two-fifths had poor social support. The following factors were associated with perceived stigma among PLWHA age (18-29 years) (AOR=4.88, 95% CI1.76-13.5), female sex (AOR=2.10, 95% CI 1.15-3.82), <12 months on ART (AOR=2.63, 95% CI 1.09-6.34), depression (AOR=1.86, 95% CI 1.08-3.19), social support (poor AOR=3.45, 95% CI 1.65-7.23; medium AOR=2.22, 95% CI 1.09-4.54), and non-disclosure of HIV status (AOR=2.00, 95% CI 1.11-3.59).

The magnitude of perceived stigma among PLWHA was high, highlighting the importance of integrating social and mental health support within standard ART for PLWHA.

The magnitude of perceived stigma among PLWHA was high, highlighting the importance of integrating social and mental health support within standard ART for PLWHA.

Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is an effective biomedical intervention against HIV in developed and developing countries. However, there is low uptake of VMMC due to various factors, which hinders achievement of health-policy goals to increase uptake. Numerous campaigns offering the procedure free of charge exist in developing countries, but such initiatives seem to bear little fruit in attracting men to these services. PARP/HDAC-IN-1 concentration This study assessed risk factors associated with the low uptake of VMMC among men in Nyanza district, Southern Province, Rwanda.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult males in Nyanza. A total of 438 men participated in individual interviews. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were usedwith 95% confidence intervals and

≤0.05 was taken as statistically significant.

Our results indicated that a low update of VMMC was highly prevalent (35.8%). A majority (84.7%) of participants had heard about VMMC, its complications, advantages in preventiing penufficient knowledge about it. Education, religion, and marital status were major factors in the low uptake. Programs targeting peer influences and parents need to be prioritized.Paramount efforts worldwide are seeking to increase understanding of the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, characterize the spectrum of complications associated with COVID-19, and develop vaccines that can protect from new and recurrent infections with SARS-CoV-2. While we continue learning about this new virus, it is clear that 1) the virus is spread via the respiratory route, primarily by droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces and fomites, as well as by aerosol formation during invasive respiratory procedures; 2) the airborne route is still controversial; and 3) that those infected can spread the virus without necessarily developing COVID-19 (ie, asymptomatic). With the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections increasing globally, the possibility of co-infections and/or co-morbidities is becoming more concerning. Co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one such example of polyparasitism of interest. This military-themed comparative review of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV details their virology and describes them figuratively as separate enemy armies.