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n Research Council, The Lærdal Foundation for Acute Medicine and charitable donations for their support for cooling therapy.

We thank the National Health Service (NHS) and our Universities and funders in UK and Norway SPARKS, The Moulton Foundation, The Norwegian Research Council, The Lærdal Foundation for Acute Medicine and charitable donations for their support for cooling therapy.

Early life exposures impact immune system development and therefore the risk of immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We systematically reviewed the impact of pre-, peri‑, and postnatal exposures up to the age of five years on subsequent IBD diagnosis.

We identified case-control and cohort studies reporting on the association between early life environmental factors and Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), or IBD overall. Databases were search from their inception until May 24th, 2019 until July 14th, 2020. We conducted meta-analyses for quantitative review of relevant risk factors that were comparable across studies and qualitative synthesis of the literature for a wide range of early life exposures, including maternal health and exposures during pregnancy, perinatal factors, birth month and related-factors, breastfeeding, hygiene-related factors and social factors, immigration, antibiotics, offspring health, including infections, and passive smoking. PROSPERO registration CRD42019134980.

Prenatal exposure to antibiotics (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2-2.5) and tobacco smoke (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2-1.9), and early life otitis media (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2-3.6) were associated with IBD. There was a trend towards an association between exposure to antibiotics in infancy and IBD (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.97, 2.9), supported by positive data on population-based data. Breastfeeding was protective against IBD. Other early life risk factors had no association with IBD, but data were limited and heterogenous.

Early life is an important period of susceptibility for IBD development later in life. Tobacco smoke, infections and antibiotics were associated positively, and breastfeeding was associated negatively with IBD. Our findings offer an opportunity to develop primary prevention strategies.

This study did not receive any funding.

This study did not receive any funding.Background Vaccination against COVID-19 in Brazil started in January 2021, with health workers and the elderly as the priority groups. We assessed whether there was an impact of vaccinations on the mortality of elderly individuals in a context of wide transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 gamma (P.1) variant. Methods By May 15, 2021, 238,414 COVID-19 deaths had been reported to the Brazilian Mortality Information System. Denominators for mortality rates were calculated by correcting population estimates for all-cause deaths reported in 2020. Proportionate mortality at ages 70-79 and 80+ years relative to deaths at all ages were calculated for deaths due to COVID-19 and to other causes, as were COVID-19 mortality rate ratios relative to individuals aged 0-69 years. Vaccine coverage data were obtained from the Ministry of Health. All results were tabulated by epidemiological weeks 1-19, 2021. Findings The proportion of all COVID-19 deaths at ages 80+ years was over 25% in weeks 1-6 and declined rapidly to 12.4% in weeted up to week 19. Funding CGV and AJDB are funded by the Todos pela Saúde (São Paulo, Brazil) initiative.

Many countries have implemented lockdowns to reduce COVID-19 transmission. However, there is no consensus on the optimal timing of these lockdowns to control community spread of the disease. Here we evaluated the relationship between timing of lockdowns, along with other risk factors, and the growth trajectories of COVID-19 across 3,112 counties in the US.

We ascertained dates for lockdowns and implementation of various non-pharmaceutical interventions at a county level and merged these data with those of US census and county-specific COVID-19 daily cumulative case counts. We then applied a Functional Principal Component (FPC) analysis on this dataset to generate FPC scores, which were used as a surrogate variable to describe the trajectory of daily cumulative case counts for each county. We used machine learning methods to identify risk factors including the timing of lockdown that significantly influenced the FPC scores.

We found that the first eigen-function accounted for most (>92%) of the variatGrant No. RGPIN201704722). Dr. Li Xing is funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant Number RGPIN 202103530). This research was enabled in part by support provided by WestGrid (www.westgrid.ca) and Compute Canada (www.computecanada.ca). The computing resource is provided by Compute Canada Resource Allocation Competitions #3495 (PI Xuekui Zhang) and #1551 (PI Li Xing). Dr. Don Sin is a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in COPD and holds the de Lazzari Family Chair at the Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, Canada.

A significant number of patients with COVID-19 experience prolonged symptoms, known as Long COVID. Few systematic studies have investigated this population, particularly in outpatient settings. Hence, relatively little is known about symptom makeup and severity, expected clinical course, impact on daily functioning, and return to baseline health.

We conducted an online survey of people with suspected and confirmed COVID-19, distributed via COVID-19 support groups (e.g. Body Politic, Long COVID Support Group, Long Haul COVID Fighters) and social media (e.g. Twitter, Facebook). Data were collected from September 6, 2020 to November 25, 2020. We analyzed responses from 3762 participants with confirmed (diagnostic/antibody positive; 1020) or suspected (diagnostic/antibody negative or untested; 2742) COVID-19, from 56 countries, with illness lasting over 28 days and onset prior to June 2020. We estimated the prevalence of 203 symptoms in 10 organ systems and traced 66 symptoms over seven months. We measured thues were common across all age groups (~88%). Except for loss of smell and taste, the prevalence and trajectory of all symptoms were similar between groups with confirmed and suspected COVID-19.

Patients with Long COVID report prolonged, multisystem involvement and significant disability. By seven months, many patients have not yet recovered (mainly from systemic and neurological/cognitive symptoms), have not returned to previous levels of work, and continue to experience significant symptom burden.

All authors contributed to this work in a voluntary capacity. The cost of survey hosting (on Qualtrics) and publication fee was covered by AA's research grant (Wellcome Trust/Gatsby Charity via Sainsbury Wellcome center, UCL).

All authors contributed to this work in a voluntary capacity. The cost of survey hosting (on Qualtrics) and publication fee was covered by AA's research grant (Wellcome Trust/Gatsby Charity via Sainsbury Wellcome center, UCL).The SARS Covid-19 pneumonia became a pandemic in 2019 affecting millions worldwide and carried a significant high mortality rate. The common presentation of this novel virus is upper and lower respiratory tract infection. However, its popularity as neuropathogen has increased dramatically. Patient presents a wide range of symptoms. We report a case of Covid-19 encephalitis which was incidentally found to have cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, presented with acute delirium and then developed new onset seizures.Rapid diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection still remains a major challenge. A multi-omic approach was adopted to analyze the respiratory specimens of 20 SARS-CoV-2-positive, 20 negative and 15 H1N1 pdm 2009 positive cases. Increased basal level of MX1 (MX dynamin-like GTPase 1) and WARS (tryptophan-tRNA ligase) correlated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and its outcome. These markers were further validated in 200 suspects. MX1>30pg/ml and WARS>25ng/ml segregated virus positives [AUC = 94% CI (0.91-0.97)] and severe patients [AUC>0.85%]. Our results documented significant increase in immune activation; metabolic reprograming and decrease in oxygen transport, wound healing and others linked proteins and metabolites in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Multi-omics profiling correlated with viremia and segregated asymptomatic patients with COVID-19. Additionally, we identified increased respiratory pathogens (Burkholderiales, Klebsiella pneumonia) and decreased lactobacillus salivarius (FDR less then 0.05) in COVID-19 specimens. In conclusion, increased basal MX1 and WARS levels correlates with SARS-CoV-2 infection and could aid in the identification of patient's predisposed to higher severity.Atypical cadherin Celsr3 is critical for brain embryonic development, and its role in the postnatal cerebellum remains unknown. Using Celsr3-GFP mice, Celsr3 shows high expression in postnatal Purkinje cells (PCs). Mice with conditional knockout (cKO) of Celsr3 in postnatal PCs exhibit deficit in motor coordination and learning, atrophic PC dendrites, and decreased synapses. Whole-PC recording in cerebellar slices discloses a reduction frequency of mEPSC and defective postsynaptic plasticity (LTP and LTD) in Celsr3 cKO mutants. Wnt5a perfusion enhances LTP formation, which could be occluded by cAMP agonist and diminished by cAMP antagonist in control, but not in Celsr3 cKO or Fzd3 cKO cerebellar slices. Celsr3 cKO resulted in the failure of mGluR1 agonist-induced LTD and paired stimulation-induced PKCα overexpression in PC dendrites, and downregulation of mGluR1 expression compvared to controls. In conclusion, Celsr3 is required for PCs maturation and regulates postsynaptic LTP and LTD through Wnt5a/cAMP and mGluR1/PKCα signaling respectively.The critical minerals and elements are natural substances that are essential to modern life but have insecure supply. This lack of a secure supply clashes with the increasing importance of these elements, especially given their use in technologies needed to reduce global CO2 emissions and mitigate against anthropogenic climate change. In this contribution we review the by-product nature of the critical minerals and elements and the inherant uncertainties in reported critical mineral and element annual production as well as the relationships between these commodities and main-product metals and associated concentrates. Sodium Bicarbonate datasheet We explore the geological and geographical barriers to critical mineral and element supplies, as well as how the lack of available data and the uncertainties in the data that are available hinder our ability to estimate global resources with confidence.Water treatment based on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) supplies clean water to rural areas lacking electric power supply and/or during natural disasters and pandemics. Considering the abundance of solar energy in the ambient environment, the solar-driven AOPs show an interesting potential to driving the water purification process. Involving the energy harvester (EH) that harvests mechanical or thermal energy into electricity to the solar-driven AOPs can achieve sustainable and self-powered water purification. Herein, we summarize the recent progress in the application of solar-induced hybrid EHs that harvest solar and mechanical/thermal energy simultaneously to drive AOP water treatment. A detailed discussion of the solar-induced hybrid EHs enabling AOP water treatment based on the mechanisms of piezo-, tribo-, pyro-, and thermo-assisted photocatalysis is provided. In addition, this paper explores future opportunities and strategies of the solar-induced hybrid EHs to drive the AOP water treatment in actual situations with unstable and fluctuating environmental conditions.